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In reality, theMuslim Brotherhood is a collection of radical Islamists which aspire to overthrowİşçi O., Kayaoğlu B. Turkey and America: 1957 All Over Again? // The National Interest. 10 Apr. 2014. Web. 11October 2017. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/turkey-america-1957-all-over-again-10224.111Lesch D. W. Syria and the United States: Eisenhower's Cold War in the Middle East. Westview Press, 1992, p.242.See also on the subject: Quandt W. B. Syria and the United States: Eisenhower's Cold War in the MiddleEast.
Council on Foreign Relations. Nov. 7 dec. 1994 Web. 11 October 2017.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1994-11-01/syria-and-united-states-eisenhowers-cold-warmiddle-east.112Fenton B. Macmillan backed Syria assassination plot. The Guardian. 27 Sept. 2003. Web. 11 October 2017.https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/27/uk.syria1.113Brooke S. U.S. Policy and the Muslim Brotherhood.
Foreign Policy Research Institute. Mar. 2013. Web. 11October 2017.http://www.fpri.org/docs/chapters/201303.west_and_the_muslim_brotherhood_after_the_arab_spring.chapter1.pdf.11061national governments and replace them with a Salafist-inspired system. Because ofits broad geographic reach and embedded nature in some societies, however, it’sunderstandably an important asset of the US and other hostile forces intent onoverthrowing secular Mideast governments.The relationship between the US and the Muslim Brotherhood was publiclyrevealed through Washington’s open support of its regional surrogates’ “ArabSpring” chaos and overthrow of one-time American ally Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.It then transitioned the focus of its support to this terrorist organization’s Syrianbranch, which had also begun a Color Revolution around the same time in 2011.This insurgency only became fiercer and deadlier following the fall of Mubarakand the commencement of the NATO War on Libya.
These events are relevant tobring up at this moment in order for the reader to recognize that the “Arab Spring”and War on Syria are just as connected to the 1982 Muslim Brotherhood Crisis inHama as they are to the 1957 Syrian Crisis.The brief Muslim Brotherhood takeover of Hama prompted a forcefulresponse from former President Hafez Assad, and in an interesting sign of howWestern ‘values’ are relative to their geopolitical utility, the US and its alliespopularly blamed the Syrian leader for this event and not the terrorist group whichhe successfully dislodged from the city.
Known as the “Hama Massacre” to manyin the Western audience, the West exploited the failed terrorist insurgency of theirsurrogates in order promote false information warfare narratives about Syria. Thesewould later be recalled by the Mainstream Media all throughout the “Arab Spring”war on Syria in seeking to draw parallels between the supposed “anti-democraticbrutality” of current President Bashar Assad and his father. What else is veryimportant to learn from the 1982 Muslim Brotherhood Crisis in Hama is just howhighly the US valued this terrorist organization, since it provides hints at whatwould come nearly three decades later during the “Arab Spring” 114.114A declassified Defense Intelligence Agency analysis from May 1982 titled Syria: Muslim Brotherhood PressureIntensifies comprehensively chronicles the run-up to and eventual failure of the terrorist’s efforts to seize the city.
Itprovides readers with an in-depth understanding of how the group was able to launch its offensive, but also how theSyrian Arab Army managed to defeat this menace and liberate Hama. The agency concluded that the Muslim62The last important episode of the Cold War to be described in illustrating thestrategic evolution of the US policy towards Syria is the 1983 effort to provokeIraq to attack its Baathist neighbor. A declassified CIA document from September1983 contains a detailed policy proposal outlining how and why this shouldhappen.
Although Iraq is presently no longer a conventional threat to Syria nor hadbeen since the 2003 US invasion destroyed the country and turned it into a failedstate, the geostrategic motivations behind this plot are still enduring and influencedAmerican decision makers and planners for decades afterwards 115.One of the factors that determined American Mideast policy and policytoward Syria is energy.
Syria’s decision to shut down an Iraqi-originating pipelinethrough its territory, and decision not allow a Qatar pipeline to pass throughSyria’s territory was considered a “grave security threat”. The commondenominator in both cases was that Syria’s geostrategic location makes it anintegral player in the Mideast’s pipeline politics. Building off of both the past andthe present, Syria’s high-level and strategic partnership with Iran is also viewed asa “threat” to Western and Israeli interests.It should go without saying that all US foreign policy maneuvers and plots inthe Mideast in one way or another are predicated with the intent of promotingIsraeli interests, but what’s special about this one is that it attempts – whether bycoincidence or design – to apply Israeli scholar Oded Yinon’s plan. Popularlyknown as the “Yinon Plan” in the decades after its conception, this academicproposed a far-sighted and Machiavellian strategy which sought to encourageinterstate and civil warfare between Israeli’s Arab neighbors as the best possiblecourse of action for perpetually ensuring Tel Aviv’s security.
“A Strategy for Israelin the Nineteen Eighties”, which is what the document was officially called when itBrotherhood will remain a threat for years to come in spite of having been mostly extinguished from Hama (whichwas previously a hotbed of its activity, according to the document).Syria: Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies. Defense Intelligence Agency. Nov. 2013. Web. 6 February. 2018.https://syria360.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/dia-syria-muslimbrotherhoodpressureintensifies-2.pdf.115Bringing Real Muscle To Bear Against Syria. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 Sept.
1983. Web. 6 February.2018. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88B00443R001404090133-0.pdf.63was published in the Hebrew journal “Kivunim” in 1982 116, could also be called astrategy for Israel for the indefinite future, as its principle concept of externallyprovoked divide-and-rule conflict all around Israel’s periphery would become areality in the aftermath of the “Arab Spring”. Concerning international relationstheory, the Yinon Plan and “Arab Spring” can be viewed in the framework ofConstructivism through promotion of identity conflict between states and also theirconstituent demographics.The declassified CIA document also speaks on the need to distract Syriafrom focusing on its intervention in Lebanon, with it being forecast that aninterstate war between itself and Iraq would inevitably lead to Damascus drawingdown some attention or troops from its western theater, which – as could bepredicted – would work out to Israel’s benefit.
The parallel that this has with recentevents is clear when considering the 2005 “Cedar Revolution” in Lebanon. ThisColor Revolution resulted in the withdrawal of Syria’s post-civil war militarycontingent in the country, though it wouldn’t be until the 2011 “Arab Spring” andits aftermath that Damascus lost most of its ability to influence its smaller andcivilizationally aligned neighbor. Again, it must be reiterated that Syria’sinvolvement and influence in Lebanon was viewed as a “threat” to Israel, whichexplains why Tel Aviv and its Washington ally conspired to find a way to mitigatethis.Finally, the last topic of contemporary pertinence from the CIA proposal ishow the agency implicitly suggested a de-facto indirect regional coalition ofTurkey, Iraq, and Israel coordinated by the US, a plan which was obviouslyinfluenced by the 1957 Syrian Crisis proposal and would later expand to globalproportions during the War on Syria.
The internationalization of the USdestabilization plans against Syria is a decades-long constant, as is Washington’sdesire to use regional surrogates in carrying out such operations on its behalf. TheUS wanted to avoid getting trapped in a Mideast quagmire and also seems116Yinon O. A Strategy for Israel in the Nineteen Eighties. Information Clearinghouse. 1982. Web. 6 February 2018.http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf/The%20Zionist%20Plan%20for%20the%20Middle%20East.pdf.64cognizant of the risk of military overstretch, though it ironically fell into both trapsduring the 2003 War on Iraq. However, it might be precisely because of this seriesof large-scale mistakes that the US “learned its lesson” and opted to be more‘cautious’ in outsourcing the bulk of its destabilization efforts to the anti-Syriancoalition of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Israel, and others.While not overly significant in and of itself, it’s worthwhile to include in thecontext of this chapter that the 1986 CIA documentwhich was ultimatelydeclassified in January 2017 outlined what would have to happen in order totrigger regime change against the late President Hafez Assad 117.
Importantly, andwhich will be directly relevant to events 25 years later, the Agency concluded thatMuslim Brotherhood-triggered sectarian violence is the key to overthrowing thegovernment in Syria. It took a quarter of a century, but the US would eventuallyopt to turn this plan into policy through the “Arab Spring” theater-wide ColorRevolutions and subsequent Muslim Brotherhood terrorist insurgency.One more fact which shaped American foreign policy towards Syria prior to9/11 came after the end of the Cold War and with the rise of the neoconservativefaction.
Former Vice President Dick Cheney, prior to assuming his famous roleunder G.Bush Jr. but after having served as Secretary of Defense for Bush Sr.,founded the Project for a New American Century (PNAC) think tank in 1997which aimed to influence the US permanent military, intelligence, and diplomaticbureaucracies, or “deep state”.As noted by Democratic grassroots organization “Move On” in a specialinvestigative report bulletin released in 2003, PNAC exercised enormous influenceover the Bush Administration not least through the inclusion of some of itsmembersintotheadministration(J.Bolton,R.Cheney,D.Rumsfeld,P.Wolfowitz)118.
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