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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION“MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS(UNIVERSITY) OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THERUSSIAN FEDERATION”ManuscriptHADDAD Hamsa RiadU.S. POLICY IN THE SYRIAN CONFLICTSpecialty: 23.00.04 – Political Problems of International Relations, Global andRegional DevelopmentTHESISFor the Degree of the Candidate of Political ScienceScientific supervisor:Tatiana A.
ShakleinaDoctor of Political ScienceProfessorMoscow20192CONTENTSINTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 3CHAPTER I ......................................................................................................... 19EVOLUTION OF THE US FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY AFTERSEPTEMBER 11, 2001 ........................................................................................ 191.1. Theoretical Foundations of the American National Security Strategy and USMideast policy ...................................................................................................... 191.2 Conceptualization of the American Mideast Strategy ..................................... 26CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................
38US POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND IN SYRIAN CONFLICT ............... 382.1. From “Greater Middle East Initiative” to "Arab Spring"................................ 382.2 American Policy Towards Syria ..................................................................... 58CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................ 91POLITICAL CRISIS IN SYRIA AND ITS INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION... 913.1.
Activities of the United States and NATO in Syria ........................................ 913.2. Federalization plan for Syria: American approach ....................................... 113CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 136BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................
1423INTRODUCTIONResearch relevance. Process of the 21st century world order formation hasbeen an important trend of contemporary development, and everything that hasbeen occurring in the world, various regions and countries have been under director indirect influence of this trend. The United States, being a superpower, and arevisionist power, in its global strategy declared as a priority establishment of theliberal world order on the basis of Western values and institutions. Implementationof this strategy started almost immediately after the end of the Cold War.
One ofthe main working conceptions was the conception of “regime change” and“democratization”. The Middle East became one of the main objects of thistransforming policy. An unprecedented reconfiguration of intraregional relationshas been taking place in the Middle East. The ongoing processes in one way oranother can be explained by the consequences of the American policy, the centralcomponent of which has become the war in Syria. This process of changing localpolitical regimes gradually transformed into a large scale crisis, causing, on the onehand, an unprecedented wave of migration to Europe, and, on the other, theemergence of the notorious terrorist organization Islamic State 1.The scale and geography of the US military presence in the Middle Eastchanged as a result of the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and the turn toAsia (both events occurred during the presidency of B.H.
Obama). But the UnitedStates will never completely leave the region due to its economic and geostrategicimportance, and will continue to realize its strategy. During the Obamaadministration American goals remained the same but were differently formulatedin the changing world situation. The war in Syria was to become an important partof the series of “color revolutions” called the “Arab Spring”. If the United Statessucceeded in changing regimes in the key countries of the Middle East bringing the1The organization is prohibited in Russia.4pro-Western forces to power, this would signify a new era of American dominationin the region.The United States did not achieve its original goal of overthrowinggovernments during unprecedented wave of political instability and “colorrevolutions” that swept the Middle East in 2011.
So, the United States resorted tonon-traditional methods of warfare. One of its elements was arming rebel groupsand supporting Islamist militants. However, in Syria, this strategy encounteredwith the resistance of the Syrian people to external aggression. In addition, theassistance provided to the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR) by the Russian Air andSpace Forces had a crucial impact on the situation. As a result, the war in Syria hasstalled, and some negative consequences emerged, among them, the problem ofrefugees, and the growth of terrorist threat.
It was also important that the evolutionof the situation in the Middle East and in Syria, to a great extent as a result of theAmerican policy, opened an opportunity for Russia to return to the Middle East asone of the most important non-regional political forces competing with the US inthe region, and in the Syrian Arab Republic.
The dynamics of the situation in theMiddle East and in Syria, the importance of the processes in the region, theirimpact on regional and global politics, and relations between great powers, Russiaand the United States in particular, make the dissertation research highly relevant.Literature Review. The US foreign policy strategy is being elaborated byrepresentatives of different political and analytical groups.
In order to arrive to amore realistic description and estimation of the situation in Syria it was necessaryto apply to works of both neoliberals, and neoconservatives, to a lesser extent toconstructivist writers. There are several groups of scientific literature used tocomprehensively analyze the problems stated, accomplish research according toaim and tasks formulated, and prove the suggested hypothesis.The first group of literature covers general issues of international relations,world order formation, including theoretical works of representatives of three mainschools of thought used in the dissertation. Among them there are works by E.Batalov, A. Bogaturov, Th. Barnett, F.
Fukuyama, G. Friedman, R. Haass, H.5Kissinger, G. Ikenberry, P. Khanna, R. Keohane, A. Kostin, D. Lake, N. Lebow,G. Mearsheimer, T. Paul, S. Reich, T. Shakleina, K. Waltz, I. Wallerstein, A.Wendt, etc.2It was very important to analyze different views on the issue of the evolvingworld order, role of great powers, the United States in particular, in the process ofchanging balance of power, transformation of centers of power, role of differentplayers besides leading world powers.
Each of the books gave an original andcomprehensive view of this trend, suggested possible scenarios of the distributionof powers and outlined perspectives for the main actors in the internationalprocess. Monographs and articles by A. Bogaturov, T. Barnett, S. Huntington, G.Mearsheimer, T. Shakleina, G. Ikenberry, T.
Paul, N. Lebow, C. Nation, S. Reich,F. Voitolovskiy turned to be most valuable for analyzing and understandinggeneral trends of the world development, and of the regional ones since everythingis to a certain extent interconnected. The events in the Middle East demonstrate notonly behavior and strategies of great powers, but also emergence and consolidationof non-state actors, like Daesh in Syria.Баталов Э.Я. Проблема демократии в американской политической мысли ХХ века. М.: Прогресс-Традиция,2010. 376 с.; Богатуров А.Д.
Международные отношения и внешняя политика России. М.: Аспект Пресс,2017. 480 с.; Войтоловский Ф. Нестабильность в мировой системе. // Международные процессы. – 2009. C.4-16. http://intertrends.ru/system/Doc/ArticlePdf/69/Voitolovskiy-19.pdf; Кризис цивилизации в контекстеполитических процессов XXI века / Под ред.
А.И. Костина. М.: Издательство Московского университета,2016. 304 c.; Шаклеина Т.А. Россия и США в новом мировом порядке. М.: Институт США и Канады РАН,2002. 443 с.; Шаклеина Т.А. Россия и США в мировой политике. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2017. 336 c.; Barnett T.The Pentagon’s New Map. War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2004. 448p.; Challenge and Change. Global Threats and the State in Twenty-first Century International Politics. Norma C.Noonan, Vidya Nadkarni (Eds.) N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 287 p.; Emerging Powers in a ComparativePerspective. The Political and Economic Rise of the BRIC Countries.
Ed. by Vidya Nadkarni and Norma C.Noonan. N.Y.: Bloomsbury, 2013. 241 p.; Fukuyama F. The End of History and the Last Man. 1992. 464 p.;Friedman G. The Next 100 years. A Forecast for the 21st Century. N.Y: Anchor Books, 2010. - 252 p.; Haass R. TheWorld in Disarray. American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. N.Y.: Penguin Press, 2017. 340 p.;Ikenberry G. J.
After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 320 p.; Ikenberry G. J. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, andTransformation of the American World Order. Princeton, 2011. 392 p.; Kant I.
Perpetual Peace: A PhilosophicalSketch. New York: Liberal Arts, 1957. 114 p.; Keohane R.O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in theWorld Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1984. 320 p.; Khanna P. The Second World: Empires andInfluence in the New Global Order. New York: Random House, 2008. 496 p.; Kissinger H.
World Order. N.Y.,2014. 432 p.; Lake D. A. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2011. 248 p.; Mearsheimer G.The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. 592 p.; Reich S., Lebow R. Good-byeHegemony! Power and Influence in the Global System. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. 208 p.; Paul T.V., Accommodating Rising Powers. Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 335p.; Wallerstein I. The Modern World-System.
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