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In order to gain an in-depth understanding of US policy inthe Middle East region, it was necessary to turn to a number of documents such asNational Security strategies of the American administrations, first of all, the BushJr. and Obama administrations 16. These documents presented general guidelines ofthe American global policy demonstrating a great degree of continuity betweenRepublican and Democratic governments.
The most important thing was that both6https://russian.rt.comhttps://news.sputnik.ru8http://www.vesti.ru9http://asiavector.ru10https://www.sana.sy/ru11https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/qatar.html12https://english.alarabiya.net13https://edition.cnn.com14https://www.presstv.com15http://en.farsnews.com16The United States of America. The President of the United States. The National Security Strategy of the UnitedStates of America. 17 Sept.
2002. Web. 26 May 2017. http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2002.pdf; The United States ofAmerica. The President of The United States. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. 16Mar. 2006. Web. 26 May 2017. http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2006.pdf; The United States of America.
The Presidentof the United States. National Security Strategy May 2010. 27 May 2010. Web. 26 May 2017.http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2010.pdf; The United States of America. The President of the United States. NationalSecurity Strategy February 2015. 6 Feb. 2015. Web. 26 May 2017.
http://nssarchive.us/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf; The United States of America. The President of the United States. NationalSecurityStrategy.February2017.Web.26May2017.https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.79Democratic neoliberals and Republican neoconservatives declared adherence tosustaining American global leadership based on military supremacy and use offorce, and also did not give up the idea of “democratization” on the basis ofWestern (American) values. Policy started by the Clinton administration wasfollowed by the Afghanistan and Iraq operations during Bush time, and then by awave of color revolutions in the Arabic countries during the Obama administration.Analysis of the official strategies explains a lot when we turn to the Syrianoperation and the way it was started.It was also very important to refer to some official speeches of the Russianand Syrian Presidents – B.
Al-Assad and V. Putin, and Russian and Syrian Foreignministers; to the UN resolutions on the Responsibility to Protect and Resolution2254 (2015) that endorsed road map for peace process in Syria; to speeches ofPresident Trump to see how his doctrine overlaps with the previous strategies. Anumber of State Department, Department of Defense and CIA documents werealso useful for understanding the situation with the American actions in Syria.Memoires of M. Albright gave an insight into the decision making in Washington,including Middle East direction17.Theoretical and methodological basis of the study.
The theoretical basisof the study are works of political scientists who represent the main schools ofAl-Assad B. President Bashar Al-Assad’s Speech At The People’s Assembly. 30 Mar. 2011.http://www.presidentassad.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305:president-bashar-al-assad-s-aspeech-at-the-people-s-assembly-march-30-2011&catid=117&Itemid=496; Albright M.
Madam Secretary: ABiography. N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2003. 592 p.; Background Information on the Responsibility to Protect. UnitedNations, 2013. http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgresponsibility.shtm; Bringing Real MuscletoBearAgainstSyria. CentralIntelligenceAgency.14Sept.1983.https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88B00443R001404090133-0.pdf; Clinton H. America’sPacificCentury.USDepartmentOfState,11October,2011.https://20092017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/10/175215.htm; Department of Defense Information Report.Judicial Watch. 12 Aug.
2012. http://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Pg.-291-Pgs.-287-293JW-v-DOD-and-State-14-812-DOD-Release-2015-04-10-final-version11.pdf.; Joint Statement by the ForeignMinisters of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey on agreed steps torevitalize the political process to end the Syrian conflict, Moscow, 20 December 2016. The Ministry of ForeignAffairsoftheRussianFederation.http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news//asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2573489; Joint Statement by the President of the United States and thePresidentoftheRussianFederation.
USDepartmentOfState,11Nov.2017,www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/11/275459.htm; President Assad 2000 inauguration speech (July 17, 2000).http://www.presidentassad.net/speeches/bashar_assad_2000_inauguration_speech.htmPresident Donald J. Trump Is Protecting the United States from Terrorism // https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingsstatements/president-donald-j-trump-protecting-america-terrorism1710thought in the United States and Russia: neorealism (structural and offensiverealism), neoliberalism, first of all, liberal interventionism and institutionalism, andconstructivism. In the dissertation the author relied both on classical works, andcontemporary theoretical publications. Among neorealists it is necessary tomention such authors asKenneth Waltz18, Richard Haass, C.
Layne;J.Mearsheimer, W. Wohlforce, A. Bogaturov, T. Shakleina, A. Torkunov 19. It wasnecessary to apply ideas and assumptions of the old school authors (classical worksin realism) and new interpretations presented by contemporary writers in theframework of structural and offensive realism. These authors made a visible inputinto the development of the world order theory and gave a detailed analysis andconceptualized the ideas of new centers of power and new rise and role of greatpowers. Their ideas help to better understand the situation in the world, in differentregions and countries.Neoliberal theoretical works were necessary to explain the basics of theAmerican behavior in the process of world order formation clarifying andrevealing real incentives and aims in the policy of world transformation.
Amongtheoretical works it is necessary to mention the following publications byrepresentatives of neoliberal school: “International Relations: One World, ManyTheories” by Stephen M. Walt; “The Return of History and the End of a Dream”by Robert Kagan; “After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Deterrence and BuildingOrder after Major Wars”, “Liberal Order and Imperial Ambitions: An Essay on18Waltz K.
N. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub., 1979. 256 p.; Waltz K. N. Man,the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1959. 263 p.19Шаклеина Т.А. Россия и США в мировой политике. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2017. 336 c.; Богатуров А.Д.Великие державы на Тихом океане. История и теория международных отношений в Восточной Азии послеВторой мировой войны.
1945-1995. М.: Конверт-Сюита, 1997. 342 с.; Barnett T. The Pentagon’s New Map. Warand Peace in the Twenty-First Century. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2004. 448 p.; Brooks S., Wohlforth W.America Abroad. The United States’ Global Role in the 21 st Century. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2016. 288 p.;Haass R. The World in Disarray. American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order.
N.Y.: Penguin Press,2017. 340 p.; Layne Ch., Bradley A. Thayer. American Empire: A Debate. New York: Routledge, 2007. 166 p.;Mearsheimer G. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. 592 p.; Russia andthe United States in the Evolving World Order. Ed. by A. Torkuniv, N. Noonan, T. Shakleina. M.: MGIMOUniversity, 2018. 414 p.11American Power and World Politics”, “Liberal Leviathan: Origins, Crisis andTransformation of the American World Order” by G. John Ikenberry 20.The constructivist approach is most vividly illustrated by AlexanderWendt's constructivist theory21, and by the monograph “The Clash ofCivilizations” by Samuel Huntington22. It was also necessary to use theories ofhybrid wars though they are not accepted by all; scholars in Russia 23.Among the methods applied in the dissertation for the analysis of thedevelopment of the situation in the Middle East in the context of the Americanglobal strategy the author used the historic approach.
With the help of the historicapproach the dissertation identified various stages and time frames of the problem,described specific political situations and their manifestations. The principle ofhistoricism has helped not only to comprehensively highlight the subject ofresearch, but also to reveal its broader political parameters. The comparativeanalysis was applied by the author when considering the similarities anddifferences between the politicians of the two American presidents - G.
Bush Jr.and B. Obama. When describing the evolution of the situation in Syria and aroundit from the point of view of the policy of the United States, Russia and theproposed federalization of Syria, a system approach was used.Chronological framework of the dissertation research covers mainly theperiod 2001-2018. The starting point is the attacks of September 11, 2001, whichmarked the beginning of a large-scale US policy in the Middle East region.
Tomake a complete picture of the evolution of the situation in the Middle East andSyria a brief insight into the history of the issue was given. In particular, it was20Ikenberry G. J. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order.Princeton, 2011.
392 p.; Ikenberry G. J. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Orderafter Major Wars. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001. 320 p.; Ikenberry G. J. Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition:Essays on American Power and World Politics. Cambridge: Polity, 2006. 312 p.; Kagan R., Kristol W. PresentDangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. San Francisco, CA: Encounter, 2000.392 p.; Kagan R. The Return of History and the End of Dreams.
New York: Knopf, 2008. 128 p.; Walt S. M.International Relations: One World, Many Theories. // Foreign Policy. – 1998. - No.110, pp. 29-46.21Wendt A. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1999. 447 p.22Huntington S. P., Ajami F., Kishore M., Bartley R. L., Binyan L., Kirkpatrick J. J., Weeks A. L., Piel G. The Clashof Civilizations? The Debate.
New York, NY: Foreign Affairs, 1996. 68 p.23Korybko A. Hybrid Wars: The Indirect Adaptive Approach To Regime Change. Moscow: People's FriendshipUniversity, 2015. 157 p.; Larsen J. A. Breedlove Ph. M., Lasconjarias G. NATO's Response to Hybrid Threats.Rome: NATO Defense College, 2015. 372 p.12necessary to analyze the factors that formed the basis for the formation of theAmerican strategy towards the states of the Middle East after the end of the bipolarconfrontation period on a global scale.
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