диссертация (1169605), страница 4
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The dissertation research concludes with theyear 2018, when a turning point occurred in the regional war that lasted from 2011in Syria, in which the United States took an active part. They failed to fullyimplement their strategic plans, and the results require from the United Statescertain adaption to the conditions created in Syria by the Russian diplomatic andmilitary efforts. A new situation may cause dramatic changes in the Americanbehavior which are not quite clear yet.The scientific novelty of the research lies in the synthesis andsystematization of existing knowledge about the latest stage of US policy in Syria.In the thesis, a comprehensive analysis of the US diplomatic and military efforts inthe Syrian conflict zone was conducted; documents and materials introducing newdirections of the US Middle East strategy and the US administration’s policyregarding Syria are introduced into the scientific circulation. Revealedinsufficiently studied yet the approaches of the Syrian government to US policy inthe region of the Middle East.
It was also new to make not a pure regional but acomplex interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the Syrian crisis using theideas and interpretations of three theoretical schools.The hypothesis of the study is that the American national strategy is to acertain extent aimed at destabilizing the countries and regions of the Middle Eastand the entire Eurasian continent in order to establish political control over localgovernments and the resources of the states of the region.The aim of the dissertation is to study the US policy in relation to the Syrianconflict, to identify its essential characteristics and impact on the regionaldevelopment and even global situation in relations between the United States,Russia, and some other growing powers.
This goal determines the setting of thefollowing tasks:1) to analyze the concepts used for the formation of American politics in thetwenty-first century, including in the Middle and Near East;132) to study and systematize both the concept of a “hybrid war” developed bythe United States, including for the implementation of policies in the Middle Eastin general and in Syria, in particular, and certain provisions of the theories ofneorealism and neoliberalism;3) to comprehensively study and evaluate the strategy of the United Statesafter the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on the countries of the Middle Eastand Syria;4) to identify the impact of the "color revolutions" practices on the events ofthe "Arab spring" in Syria and evaluate American policies regarding Syria in thecontext of the use of the "hybrid war" method by the United States in the MiddleEast region;5) to analyze and assess the development of the situation in Syria and aroundit, paying particular attention to the role of the United States and Russia in theprocesses that are occurring in this Middle Eastern country at the present stage;6) to formulate possible scenarios for the development of events in Syria.The object of this dissertation research is the US strategy in the Middle Eastin the twenty-first century.The subject of the study is the American strategy in relation to the Syrianconflict.The theoretical significance of the dissertation research is that theidentification of the main directions of US policy in Syria allows us to expandpolitical knowledge about international relations in the Middle East and theregional development of individual states.
An analysis of the Syrian vector of USforeign policy makes it possible to determine the relationship between theideological and conceptual basis on which the American foreign policy doctrine isbased, and US practical activities on the Syrian direction.The practical significance of the thesis is determined by the possibility ofusing its basic conclusions and provisions in the information and analytical supportof the policy of Russia and Syria towards the United States.
The work is aimed at adetailed coverage of all aspects of the American strategy in Syria, which will be of14undoubted interest for Russian and Syrian researchers and politicians. Thisinformation can be used in the formation of the Russian foreign policy in theMiddle East region.
The analysis may also be useful for predicting the next stepsfor the United States, both in the Middle East region as a whole and in relation toSyria.Statements for the defense:1. The theories of liberalism, realism and constructivism are methods ofanalysis that explain the formation of US policy towards Syria, and it is thesetheories that show the essence of the US constant geostrategic goals in the MiddleEast region.2. The events of the “Arab Spring” were an attempt to initiate “colorrevolution” aimed at changing regimes in Arabic countries, however in Syria itfailed to achieve immediate results.
In response, the United States took steps tochange the government in the Syrian Arabic Republic by unconstitutional methods.3. In Syria a “hybrid warfare” was unleashed. Its objectives were to fulfillgeopolitical plans of the United States and its allies in the region, to promote“human rights” and “democracy” according to the Western model. US actions andthe evolution of the situation in the country was accompanied by the so-called“conflict of identities” (Sunnis against Shiites and Alawites, Arabs against Kurds,etc.).4.
One of the results of the American Middle East policy was theemergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS, IG), which becameone of the driving forces for the overthrow of the Syrian President B. Assad.5. The United States did not expect the Russian Federation to launch ananti-terrorist operation against the IG in September 2015, which completelychanged the distribution of power among various political forces in both the SARand the Middle East. Since then, Russia has become a significant factor inresolving the military conflict in Syria and in general in solving problems in theMiddle East.15The structure of the dissertation research is determined by its goal andspecific tasks, by the subject of the study and its hypothesis.
It consists of theIntroduction, three chapters, the Conclusion and the list of sources and literatureused.In the introduction, the relevance of the research topic is substantiated, theobject and subject are defined, the research hypothesis is formulated, the goal andspecific tasks of the dissertation are defined, the theoretical basis and methodologyare presented, the practical significance of the research is outlined, the statementsto be defended are formulated.The first chapter “The Evolution of the US Foreign Policy Strategy afterSeptember 11, 2001” is devoted to analyzing theoretical approaches to thisproblem, characterizing the applicability of neorealistic,neoliberal andconstructivist theories in US global politics, as well as with respect to the MiddleEast and Syria.In the second chapter “US policy in the Middle East and the Syrianconflict” special attention is paid to the manifestations of American policy in theMiddle East, from the period of the Cold War to the present.
It also analyzes theUS policy and strategy in Syria until the end of 2017.The third chapter “The political crisis in Syria and its internationaldimension” is an analysis of the actions of the US / NATO in the Syrian conflict,as well as the strategy of Russia, which has been carrying out a military operationin Syria since September 2015.In conclusion, the main scientific results of the study are presented.Approbation of research results. The thesis was discussed and approvedat a meeting of the Department for Applied Analysis of International Problems ofthe MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia andrecommended for defense.The degree of certainty.
The reliability and validity of scientificstatements, conclusions and recommendations formulated by the author, isdetermined by a significant number of sources and literature on the research topic,16as well as by the fact that the author was able to successfully combine an analyticalapproach using the methodological framework.
It was also important that certainideas, conclusions and generalizations of the research were monitored andexamined during diplomatic work as an employee of the Syrian Embassy inRussia.Compliance of the contents of the thesis to the passport of scientificspecialty.Specialty 23.00.04 - Political problems of international relations, globaland regional development.The thesis fully complies with the specialty passport 23.00.04 - Politicalproblems of international relations, global and regional development in terms ofstudying the essence, content and focus of international relations processes, themain areas of activity of subjects and objects of world politics of global andregional scale, individual states and their unions.
The objects of research in thisspecialty are international relations, problems of global and regional development.The results of the dissertation research correspond to the following passportitems of specialty 23.00.04 - Political problems of international relations, globaland regional development:1. International relations: the essence, the history of formation, the mainareas, the dynamics of development. The essence and content of foreign policyactivities of subjects of international relations. Foreign policy doctrines and foreignpolicy strategies of subjects of international relations.8.
Foreign policy activities of subjects of international relations in the fieldof national, regional and global security. Subjects of international relations.Problems of national security in international relations. Systems of regional andglobal security.11. Foreign policy activities of states, international organizations, publicand political movements and other subjects of world politics.The correspondence of the dissertation to the list of main scientificresearch areas of MGIMO.
The thesis corresponds to paragraph 41.06.0117“Political science and regional studies” of the priority areas of scientific researchof the MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RussianFederation.Publications in the journals included into the list of scientific journals ofthe Russian Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science ofthe Russian Federation:1.Haddad, H., IR Theory and the “New Middle East” //Международнаяжизнь (International Affairs). 8 August, 2017.
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