диссертация (1169605), страница 18
Текст из файла (страница 18)
140However the situation in Syria eventually spiraled out of control as the warwent on over the years. Bloody fights were taking place with different forcesparticipating: Syrian army and security forces, Hezbollah brigades, and the PopularMobilization units from Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan with the support of Russiaand Iran; IGIL and Jabhat an Nusra terrorists getting direct and indirect supportfrom Western and regional powers; Kurdish troops supported by the United Statesand some members of its coalition; different groups of opposition supported by theUS, Turkey and some countries of the Arab Gulf region. The government was alsosupported by some people’s volunteers corps, which were incorporated into theSyrian army141.Sunni monarchies of the Arab Gulf which considered Iran a threat since therevolution of 1979, supported Syrian opposition.
Saudi Arabia and Qatar not onlysupported armed anti-government forces and terrorist groups but also encouragedforeign military interference into Syria. Interests of these regional powers matchedplans of NATO. However some of the member-states of the League of Arabiccountries – Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen – supported the Syrian government 142.Till 2003 the United States Middle Eastern policy was based on theprinciple of “balance of power”. But after 2003 the US started to conduct directinterventions in Iraq and Afghanistan destroying previously existed balance: Iraq –Iran, Pakistan – India.
There was also growing role in the Middle East of suchcountries as Russia and China. Russia’s active policy started with the Syrian crisis.140Ajami F. The Syrian rebellion. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2012, p. 63.Наумкин В. В. Кризис государств-наций на Ближнем Востоке // Международные процессы - T. 15. - № 2. 2017. С. 27-43.142Долгов Б. Сирийский конфликт. Конфликты и войны XXI века (Ближний Восток и Северная Африка) /Институт востоковедения РАН. – М.: ИВ РАН, 2015. С. 419.14174But the Chinese expansion was of economic character, and already by 2011, whenthe Arab Spring started its scale was threatening Western interests.
China’s interestwas really great in this region as the source of oil supplies for its growing industry,and American military campaigns complicated the situation in energy sphere.Various actors had different interests and stakes in Syria: among nonregional powers - the United States and EU, Russia and China; among regionalplayers – Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran and Israel; in Syria – Salafist, MuslimBrotherhood (Islamic fundamentalists). War in Syria could be impossible withoutactive financial and military support from other countries such as Saudi Arabia andQatar: by 2014 armed anti-government and terrorist groups got 5 billion dollarsfrom Saudi Arabia and 3 billion dollars from Qatar143. Their support was highlyapproved by the US. Washington supported Syrian organizations which actedagainst the official government before and after 2011 which is another proof thatWashington planned destabilization of the Syrian government.
It was also evidentthat Arab Gulf countries were also supportive of this plan. Nevertheless, analysisof the international and regional situation at the beginning of 2011, of political andstrategic interests of many world and Middle Eastern regional powers, social andpolitical situation in Syria itself before and immediately after the demonstrations inthe country, made one researcher conclude that the destabilization of Syria at themoment was not in the interests of the majority of external and internal actors 144.It has been the widely held Western conception that the Color Revolutionagainst the authorities began after the arrest of anti-government graffiti-sprayingteenagers in Daraa 145. This is not entirely true. Global Research’s founder, MichelChossudovsky, compared news reporting from Associated Press, The Guardian,Israel, and Lebanon from around that time to conclude that the media was beingpurposely deceptive by omitting important information about the nature of theКрылов А.
Сирия будет фрагментирована по конфессиональному принципу. www.mgimo.ru/news/experts/document246193.pdf.144Воробьева Д.А. Политическое поведение Башара Асада как причина гражданской войны в Сирии ивлияние выступления президента 30 марта 2011г.
на ее начало // Общество и цивилизация. - 2015. - Т. 1. С.84-96.145Sterling J. Daraa: The spark that lit the Syrian flame. Cable News Network, 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 January 2018.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/01/world/meast/syria-crisis-beginnings/.14375“peaceful” anti-government protests 146. In reality, they were not peaceful at all andseveral police officers were killed.
This is the reason for the government’scrackdown against these “demonstrations” – regular civilians were being used asde-facto human shields and cover for violent insurgents intent on overthrowing thegovernment147.The Syrian government took the Color Revolution coup attempt veryseriously from the beginning. President Assad, in an address to the Syrian peoplethat was also broadcast internationally, implored the population not allowthemselves to be misled by “saboteurs” who “wanted to stir chaos and destroy thenational fabric” 148. He said that Syria was facing a great conspiracy whosetentacles extended to some nearby countries and far-away countries, and that thisconspiracy depended, in its timing not in its form, on what was happening in otherArab countries.
In June of that year he continued to assert: “We have to distinguishbetween those who have legitimate demands and saboteurs. The saboteurs are asmall group that tried to exploit the kind majority of the Syrian people to carry outtheir many schemes”149. This demonstrates that the Syrian government was wellaware that the events taking place were not a popular “revolution” but orchestratedchaos by a small group of saboteurs pursuing the interests of foreign governments.The whole purpose of staging a Color Revolution in Syria was to overthrowthe government and replace it with a compliant pro-Western regime. Foreigngovernments started making their regime change objectives clear during the middleof 2011. Israeli President Shimon Peres was the first foreign leader to call for146Chossudovsky M. Media Disinformation: The Protest Movement in Syria. Global Research.
GlobalResearch.ca,28 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 January 2018. http://www.globalresearch.ca/media-disinformation-the-protest-movement-insyria/24016.147It was also later revealed by RT that there was a massacre of 60 government soldiers by anti-government terroristsduring that time There were killings of soldiers all across the country after that event. When one looks at the soldiermassacre and the killing of police officers and military servicemen during the early days of the Color Revolution, itbecomes clear that violence was being used as a tool by the anti-government forces in order to provoke them into acrackdown that could embolden the coup plotters and lead to regime change.
All Western media reporting about thestart of the anti-government movement in Syria has purposely neglected to mention its murderous origins. See:Narwani S. Syria: The Hidden Massacre. Autonomous Non-Profit Organization TV-Novosti, 7 May 2014. Web. 28January 2018. http://rt.com/op-edge/157412-syria-hidden-massacre-2011/.148al-Assad B. Syria: Speech by Bashar al-Assad.
Al-Bab, 30 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 January 2018. http://www.albab.com/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110330.htm.149Karouny M., Yara B. Assad blames unrest on saboteurs, pledges reforms. Thomson Reuters, 20 June 2011. Web.28 January 2018. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/20/us-syria-idUSTRE75J0AV20110620.76President Assad to leave office in July of that year150. This was followed onemonth later by the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom,and the EU in August151, which symbolized the solidarity of the Westerngovernments in their pursuit of regime change in Syria.In November 2011, the leaders of Jordan152 and Turkey153 joined in theWest’s chorus of regime change. Their public support of the government’soverthrow is exceptionally important because they would be used as the mainconduits for funnelling material, weapons, money, and fighters into Syria.Therefore, by making it their official policy to support the anti-governmentmovement in Syria, these countries were then able to cooperate with the US andothers who held the same goal.
This means that the end of 2011 marked theformalization of the international coalition dedicated towards removing PresidentAssad.For various reasons, the US cannot do everything itself (let alone directly),and it becomes important for it to operate in a multilateral framework with itspartners.
The US works with its traditional military allies through NATO or on abilateral basis. With the evolution of the regime change attempt in Syria, however,it became necessary for it to bridge the gap between these two categories of statesand include the entire anti-Syrian coalition into one organization. Thus, the“Friends of Syria” organization was born154.Originally this group comprised 114 countries and a handful of NGOs thatwere against the Syrian government.
In December 2012, they all agreed thatPresident Assad must no longer govern Syria and that the “opposition” was the150Israel president Shimon Peres calls on Syria's Bashar al-Assad to resign. Guardian News and Media, 27 July2011. Web. 28 January 2017. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/26/shimon-peres-syria-bashar-assad.151Labott E, Silverleib A., Sterling J. U.S., Europe call for Syrian leader al-Assad to step down. Cable NewsNetwork, 19 Aug. 2011. Web. 28 January 2018.
http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/08/18/us.syria/.152Jordan calls on Assad to resign. BBC, 14 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 January 2018. http://www.bbc.com/news/worldmiddle-east-15723023.153Burch J. Turkey tells Syria's Assad: Step down! Thomson Reuters, 22 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 January 2018.http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/22/us-syria-idUSL5E7MD0GZ20111122.154Peterson S. 'Friends of Syria' conference demands Assad open humanitarian aid corridors.
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