диссертация (1169605), страница 19
Текст из файла (страница 19)
The Christian ScienceMonitor, 24 Feb. 2012. Web. 28 January 2018. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0224/Friendsof-Syria-conference-demands-Assad-open-humanitarian-aid-corridors.77“legitimate government” instead155. Despite its political rhetoric, it was too large ofan organization to collectively do anything to promote its regime change policies.Therefore, out of this larger group emerged a core one of the countries mostdedicated to overthrowing the Syrian government. The British Governmentofficially calls this group the “London 11” 156, and its most prominent members arethe United States, the UK, France, Turkey, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Thesecountries and a few others form the international network managing what PresidentAssad had accurately termed an “external war” against Syria 157, and there is a cleardivision of labor between each constituent member.The US is the mastermind of the regime change operation in Syria.
It is alsoits strongest supporter, providing funding, material and logistical support, arms,and training. America’s role in the London 11 group is to coordinate and supervisethe Unconventional War in Syria. It provides the leadership that is necessary tokeep its diverse partners working together for such a prolonged period of time, perits position in this Lead From Behind coalition. The following subsections willdetail the activities of America’s regime change partners in the Middle East.The Syrian government at one time used to have very positive relations withall of its neighbors besides Israel, but the regime change operation that began in2011 changed all of that.
Three out of Syria’s five neighbors performed the mostdestabilizing activities through their support of anti-government fighters in thecountry. Israel has never been a friend of Syria, so it is not surprising that it wouldengage in hostile activity against it. The situation with Turkey and Jordan istreacherous, however, as Syria had been part of the “Levant Quartet” thatDr.Bishku called “the EU of the Middle East” 158. The relations between thesecountries were supposed to be exceptionally high and friendly.
A probable155Friends of Syria' recognise opposition. - Middle East. Al Jazeera, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 28 January 2018.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/201212124541767116.html.156Press release: 'London 11' meeting on Syria. Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 28 January2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-11-meeting-on-syria.157Assad says Syria fighting 'external war'. The Voice of Russia, 6 Jan.
2013. Web. 28 January 2018.http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_01_06/Assad-says-Syria-fighting-external-war/.158Bishku M. Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Checkered History. Middle East Policy Council. Middle East PolicyCouncil, Fall 2012. Web. 28 January 2018. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/turkish-syrianrelations-checkered-history.78explanation for why this occurred would be that both countries share a very strongsecurity relationship with the US (Turkey is in NATO and Jordan is a major nonNATO ally159), and their relations with the United States and their own ambitions(especially with Turkey) overrode each country’s own national interests in dealingwith Syria160.Israel and Turkey have worked together to take out what amounts to a jointlimited direct intervention against Syria.
In July 2013, RT reported that Israelcarried out a strike against Syria from a base in Turkey 161. The use of Turkishterritory by Israeli jets in bombing Syria proves that a military-strategicrelationship existed at the time between the two states. It also showed that the USmilitary allies can work together in carrying out joint military objectives in thecontext of this campaign.Jordan fulfilled a role similar to that of Turkey for most of the war. Itprovided insurgent training162 and infiltration into Syria, but it didn’t partake inlimited direct intervention there. Despite this, it does not mean that Jordan’s role isbenign.
Jordan also occupies a prime location for destabilizing the Syrian capital.Although Turkish support to the war effect dwarfs that of Israel and Jordan, thelatter two actors’ position is what makes them equally as important. With Turkey’scontinued involvement in aiding the insurgents, Damascus is perenniallythreatened and the conflict can continue indefinitely.159TEXT: DAVIES STATEMENT, JORDAN DESIGNATED MAJOR NON-NATO ALLY (Underscores strategicrelationship between the U.S. and Jordan).
U.S. Department of State, 14 Nov. 1996. Web. 28 January 2018.http://usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/press/state/archive/november/sd21115.htm.160According to mass media publications, Israel assists the anti-government fighters providing medical help forthem inside of Israel. This is very important because of the proximity of the Israeli border to the Syrian capital ofDamascus. Turkey probably has the most important role in the Syrian case, defined as the nerve center of the regimechange efforts.
Turkey provides safe havens near the border for the insurgents to train before their deployment,partakes in limited direct intervention. Human Rights Watch cites witness testimony stating that Turkey aided andabetted the Al-Nusra terrorist group in its March 2014 offensive against Kasab. - Sherlock R. Turkey 'aided Islamistfighters' in attack on Syrian town. Telegraph Media Group Limited, 14 Apr. 2014. Web. 28 January 2018.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/10765696/Turkey-aided-Islamist-fighters-in-attack-onSyrian-town.html.161RT source: Israeli strike on Syria was carried out from Turkish base. - RT News. Autonomous Non-ProfitOrganization TV-Novosti, 16 July 2013. Web.
28 January 2018. http://rt.com/news/israel-strike-syria-turkey-089/.162Sareen A. US Training Syrian Forces In Jordan: Report. The Huffington Post, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 January2018. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/25/us-training-syrian-forces_n_2952132.html.79Altogether, the troika of Israel, Turkey, and Jordan plays an important rolein the Syrian destabilization, due to their neighboring position to Syria, theyprovide direct access into (or in the case of “Israel”, out of) the country.
Massiveamounts of American-directed materials, weapons, and arms flow through Turkeyand Jordan, making them indispensable allies in trying to overthrow PresidentAssad. Israel’s multiple limited direct interventions have been very forceful anddemonstrate Tel Aviv’s will to occasionally involve itself as it sees fit.The oil-rich Gulf Kingdoms have been exceptionally active in their supportof regime change in Syria and their strong contribution to the effort shows it. SaudiArabia is perhaps the most active of the Gulf States in financing 163, training164, andarming165 the insurgents fighting against the people of Syria.
Although Qatar hadalso been funding166, arming167, and training the fighters there, Saudi Arabia isreported to have beat its neighborly rival in gaining control and influence overthem168. Tying everything together, Kuwait serves as the logistics hub of Gulfoperations 169.Saudi Arabia also wields direct influence over the destabilization in Syria bysupporting terrorists 170 and sending convicted murders, rapists, and drug dealers tofight against the government 171. Not only that, but it also gave 300 million dollarsto the so-called “transitional government” to help fund its operations 172, de-facto163Saudi Arabia and Qatar funding Syrian rebels.
Thomson Reuters, 23 June 2012. Web. 29 June 2017.http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/23/us-syria-crisis-saudi-idUSBRE85M07820120623.164Blac I. Syria crisis: Saudi Arabia to spend millions to train new rebel force. Guardian News and Media, 8 Nov.2013. Web. 29 January 2018. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/07/syria-crisis-saudi-arabia-spendmillions-new-rebel-force.165Saudi Arabia to supply Syrian rebels with anti-aircraft missiles -- report. Autonomous Non-Profit OrganizationTV-Novosti, 15 Feb.
2014. Web. 29 January 2018. http://rt.com/news/saudis-new-weapons-syria-124/.166Saudi Arabia and Qatar funding Syrian rebels. Op. Cit.167Doherty R., Amena B. Exclusive: Secret Turkish nerve center leads aid to Syria rebels. Op. Cit.168Karouny M.
Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support. Thomson Reuters, 31 May 2013. Web. 29 January2018. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/31/us-syria-crisis-saudi-insight-idUSBRE94U0ZV20130531.169Dickinson E. Kuwait, 'the back office of logistical support' for Syria's rebels. Op. Cit.170SyriasendsletterstoUNonSaudi-backedterrorismSeemoreat:http://en.alalam.ir/news/1560755#sthash.NI0heMUx.dpuf. Al-Alam News Network, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 29 January2018. http://en.alalam.ir/news/1560755.171Winter M.
Report: Saudis sent death-row inmates to fight Syria.USA TODAY, 21 Jan. 2013. Web. 29 January2018.http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/21/saudi-inmates-fight-syria-commute-deathsentences/1852629/.172Saudi Arabia to finance Syrian opposition government. The Voice of Russia, 13 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 January2018. http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2013_11_13/Saudi-Arabia-to-finance-Syrian-opposition-government-1721/.80turning it into a Saudi proxy.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
