диссертация (1169605), страница 11
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This marks the first active American phase of the campaign againstSyria. The objective was to sever ties between Lebanon from Syria (which it had78Allison R. Russia, the West, and Military Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 100-101.Pillar P. R. Why America Misunderstands the World: National Experience and Roots of Misperception .Op. cit.80Pan E.
Middle East: Syria and Lebanon. // Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 18 Feb. 2005. Web. 1 December2017. http://www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east-syria-lebanon/p7851.81Schuh T. Faking the Case Against Syria. .CounterPunch, 18 Nov. 2005. Web. 1 December 2017.http://www.counterpunch.org/2005/11/18/faking-the-case-against-syria/.7945formerly been a cultural and civilizational part of for centuries until the Frenchdislodged it during their post-World War I occupation) in order to roll back andweaken Damascus prior to an even more intense destabilization designed to breakit.UK-based academic and RT analyst Sharmine Narwani made a convincingcase in her 2015 article “Ten years on, Lebanon's 'Cedar Revolution'” that therewas foreign involvement in this Color Revolution, though conceding that itoriginally did have a natural and spontaneous basis 82.
Her research revealed thatthe Serbian-based CANVAS group was involved in organizing and subsequentlyguiding events on the ground, thereby suggesting a chain of links which ultimatelyreached back to Color Revolution masterminded by Gene Sharp. CANVAS wascreated with the public mission of implementing Sharp’s regime change ideas intopractice all across the world, so the connection between the two isn’t baseless.Moreover, G. Sharp worked closely with CANVAS, thereby linking the twotogether and by extension making the case that the “Cedar Revolution” was thefirst-ever Mideast Color Revolution.In order to fully understand the argument being presented, we need to beacquainted with G. Sharp and his famous publications.
This academic is creditedwith being the strategic godfather of Color Revolutions because of the influentialtechniques which he proposed in his world-renowned “From Dictatorship toDemocracy”83, “There Are Realistic Alternatives” 84, and “198 Methods of NonViolent Action”85 books. The novelty behind his strategies has earned Sharp themoniker “the Machiavelli of non-violence”86, and he’s also been credited for82Narwani S. Ten years on, Lebanon's 'Cedar Revolution' RT. 13 Mar.
2013. Web. 16 December 2017.https://www.rt.com/op-edge/240365-lebanon-revolution-anniversary-cedar-2005/.83Sharp G. From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. 4 ed. East Boston: TheAlbert Einstein Institution, 2010, p. 93.84Sharp G. There Are Realistic Alternatives.
Boston: Albert Einstein Institution, 2003, p. 53.85Sharp G. Politics of Nonviolent Action, Part Two: The Methods of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter SargentPublishers, 1973, p. 336.86Flintoff J.-P. Gene Sharp: The Machiavelli of non-violence . New Statesman, 3 Jan. 2013. Web.
1 January 2017.http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/your-democracy/2013/01/gene-sharp-machiavelli-non-violence.46allegedly inspiring the Arab Spring87. Venezuelan journalist Eva Golinger haswritten extensively about how the US foments and employs Color Revolutionarytactics all across the world, and believes that they constitute a new and much more‘efficient’ regime change strategy than conventional military invasions such as theIraqi and Libyan ones88.The first Color Revolution was the 2000 “Bulldozer Revolution” in Serbiawhile President Clinton was still in office. This was the initial testing ground forthe strategy, which was later deployed throughout the former Soviet states ofGeorgia (2003), Ukraine (2004), and Kyrgyzstan (2005) under Bush’s Presidency.During Obama tenure, the EuroMaidan movement, labelled a Color Revolution byRussian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov89, overthrew President Yanukovich in2014. Alexey Malashenko of the Carnegie Endowment wrote that “many in Russiasaw in the (Arab Spring) protests an echo of the ‘color revolutions’ against thegovernments in former Soviet repunlics that were believed to have beenencouraged by Western powers.
He stated that all the Arab revolutions “are verysimilar to the scenarios of the color revolutions” 90. Russian scholar AndreiSushentsov takes a different view, writing that the US was not behind the “ArabSpring” and actually risked losing influence in Egypt and Tunisia, though henevertheless recognizes the important role that Western NGOs played during thattime in spreading “democracy” in accordance with the mission that was firstofficially promulgated in the US 2002 National Security Strategy91.87Gray L., Gene S.: How to Start a Revolution. Telegraph Media Group Limited, 10 Oct. 2011. Web.
1 February2017.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8841546/Gene-Sharp-How-to-Start-aRevolution.html.88Golinger E. Colored Revolutions: A New Form of Regime Change, Made in the USA. Global Research, 10 Feb.2011. Web. 19 December 2017.
http://www.globalresearch.ca/colored-revolutions-a-new-form-of-regime-changemade-in-the-usa/27061.89West Tried to Stage Another Color Revolution in Ukraine – Lavrov. RIA Novosti, 24 Apr. 2014. Web. 17December 2017. http://en.ria.ru/world/20140424/189342116/West-Tried-to-Stage-Another-Color-Revolution-inUkraine--Lavrov.html.90Malashenko A. Russia and the Arab Spring. Carnegie Moscow Center, 1 Oct. 2013. Web. 1 December 2017.http://carnegieendowment.org/files/russia_arab_spring2013.pdf91Сушенцов А.А. Очерки политики США в региональных конфликтах 2000-х годов.
М.: МГИМОУниверситет,2014.Web.1May2018.https://mgimo.ru/upload/iblock/49e/49ea11ae1a464d93f90030c2792f12ae.pdf.47It’s beyond the scope of this dissertation to elaborate on any more of theorganizational or conceptual details behind this broad-based strategy, as theprimary point in making the case that the “Cedar Revolution” was a precedent forthe “Arab Spring” in Syria has already been accomplished, but it is necessary toanalyze at least some of the publications on this topic which could greatly enhanceunderstanding of these carefully engineered processes.The next phase of the US’ reconceptualization of the Middle East and thestrategic evolution of its policy towards Syria was the characterization of a “newMiddle East” by Bush’s Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in July 2006 whenshe was addressing the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. She said: “What we're seeinghere, in a sense, is the growing -- the birth pangs of a new Middle East.
Andwhatever we do, we have to be certain that we are pushing forward to the newMiddle East, not going back to the old one”92. This statement proved that the UShad designs for a new Mideast political arrangement and that it also had aninterested stake in this outcome. Combining this “New Middle East” reconceptualization of the region together with the previously mentioned “GreaterMiddle East” one proposed by the Brookings Institution, one can see a patternedUS approach towards the region. First, the US delineated the scope of itspolitically transformative activities (the “Greater Mideast”), and then it set aboutworking with its allies (in this context, Israel) to change the facts on the groundand bring about its intended changes (the “New Middle East”).This “New Greater Mideast” (an amalgam of the two conceptions) isenvisioned as being radically different from the old one.
In June 2006, Army Lt.Col. Ralph Peters hypothesized “How a better Middle East would look” in ArmedForces Journal article “Blood Borders” 93. He proposed a complete restructuring ofthe region, with almost every country experiencing either an addition or a loss ofterritory. His map is below:92Secretary Rice Holds a News Conference. The Washington Post, 21 July 2006. Web. 1 December 2017.http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072100889.html.93Peters R.
Blood borders. Armed Forces Journal, 1 June 2006. Web. 1 June 2017.http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/blood-borders/.48http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/peters-blood-borders-map/It can be seen that this is likely what Condoleezza Rice had in mind whenshe referred to the “New Middle East”. Whether by coincidence or not, she evokedthat term one month after Peters’ article was published.
Pertaining to Syria, it isplanned that the country loses its Kurdish part (mostly Al-Hasakah Governorate) to“Free Kurdistan” and that Latakia and Tarus Governorates be incorporated into a“Greater Lebanon”. Therefore, not only is regime change on the table for Syria, butso too is dismemberment. The US had a specific vision in mind for this “NewGreater Middle East”, and it would have to resort to the strategy of geopoliticalengineering by means of manufactured identity conflict in order to achieve this.What this translates to in theory is the utilization of Constructivism to provoke thesaid conflicts which would then be fought on Neoliberal grounds (i.e.“democracy”, “spreading values”) in order to advance Neorealist outcomes (a newgeopolitical reality in the Mideast).It will be proven that this objective is the pinnacle of the US grand strategyin the Mideast and that regime change plays an integral role in reaching it.Reviewing the US strategy towards the Mideast, its purpose is todramatically reengineer the geopolitics of West Asia as part of the “New GreaterMiddle East” policy, which owes its conceptual underpinnings to the writings ofZbigniew Brzezinski, the former National Security Advisor to President Carter and49a regular political advisor to successive presidents since then, who wrote “TheGrand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives” in 1997.In an allusion to the Wolfowitz Doctrine application in the Eurasian landmass, hestated: “'If the middle space can be drawn increasingly into the expanding orbit ofthe West (where America preponderates), if the southern region is not subjected todomination by a single player, and if the East is not unified in a manner thatprompts the expulsion of America from its offshore bases, America can then besaid to prevail.
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