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In the Highlands families or clans started the Games hundreds years ago. Some of thesports are international: the high jump and the long jump, for example. But other sports happenonly at the Highland Games. One is tossing the Caber. “Tossing” means thowing, and the caberis a long, heavy piece of wood.
In tossing the caber you lift the caber(it can be five or six metrestall) and then you throw it as further as you could. Scottish hammer throw: This event is similarto the hammer throw as seen in modern-day track and field competitions, though with somedifferences. In the Scottish event, a round metal ball (weighing 16 or 22 lb for men or 12 or 16 lbfor women) is attached to the end of a shaft about 4 feet in length and made out of wood,bamboo, rattan, or plastic. With the feet in a fixed position, the hammer is whirled about one'shead and thrown for distance over the shoulder. Hammer throwers sometimes employ speciallydesigned footwear with flat blades to dig into the turf to maintain their balance and resist thecentrifugal forces of the implement as it is whirled about the head. This substantially increasesthe distance attainable in the throw.1.
Answer the following questions1. What plays written by W.Shakespeare do you know?2. When is Guy Fawkes night celebrated?3. Which more recent modern rock groups do you know?4. What events take place at Scottish Highland Games?2. Render the following statements into Russian1.
These figures are more surprising when the types of properties are taken into account asover four-fifths of British households prefer to live in a house.2. With the revival of Irish dancing, the traditional Irish costume has become associatedwith the bright flamboyant costumes worn by traditional Irish dancers.3. Although some traditional dishes such as roast beef and Yorkshire pudding, Cornishpasties, steak and kidney pie, bread and butter pudding, treacle tart, spotted dick or fishand chips, remain popular, there has been a significant shift in eating habits in Britain.4.
Many of the more recent successful forms, subgenres, and artists of rock and pop musichave originated or found their greatest success in the UK.3.Choose the correct one from the three possibilities1. An Englishman`s home is his … a)security b)castlec)mansion2. Many …. make light work. a) servants b) hands c) cooks3.Birds of a … flock together. a)family b)cage c)featherCHAPTER VI British MediaTo evolve-развиватьсяcensorship restrictions- ограничения цензуройInevitable-неизбежныйto be targeted at-нацелена наRestraint-ограничениеfierce competition-яростная конкуренцияbroadband connection-широполосная передача Circulation-тиражTo benefit-получать выгодуExpanded-расширенныйTo find a gap-найти нишуTo be merged- связаныThe term “media” may include any communication system by which people areinformed, educated or entertained.
In Britain it generally refers to the print industries (the pressor newspapers and magazines) and broadcasting (terrestrial or earth-based television, cable andsatellite television, radio and video). These systems overlap to some extent with each other andwith books, film and the Internet, are profitable businesses; and are tied to advertising,sponsorship, commerce and industry.The media have evolved from simple methods of production, distribution andcommunication to their present sophisticated technologies. Their growth and variety have greatlyimproved information dispersal, news availability and entertainment opportunities.
They coverhomes, places of business and leisure activities and their influence is very powerful and eninevitable part of daily life.But the media provoke debates about what is socially and morally permissible in theircontent and methods. Questions are asked about the role of advertising and sponsorship, thequality of services provided the alleged danger of the concentrated ownership of mediaresources, influence on politics, restraint about “free expression” and the ethical responsibility ofthe media to individuals and society.The print mediaThe print media (newspapers and magazines) began to develop in the 18 th century.PPInitially, a wide circulation was hindered by transportation and distribution problems, illiteracyand government licensing or censorship restrictions.
But over the last two hundred years, anexpended educational system, abolition of governmental control, new print inventions andBritain’s small area have eliminated these difficulties and created allegedly free print media.The growth of literacy after 1870 provided the owners of the print media with an increasedmarket.
Newspapers and magazines, which had previously been limited to the middle and upperclasses, were popularized.They were used for news and information, but also for profit and entertainment.Ownership, new types of print media and financially rewarding advertising increased in thecompetitive atmosphere of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Owners also realizedthat political and social influence could be achieved through control of the means ofcommunication.National newspapersNational newspapers are those which are mostly published from London (with someregional versions) and are available in all parts of Britain on the same day, including Sundays.Many are delivered direct to the home from local newsagents by newsboys and girls.
The goodinternal distribution systems of a compact country enabled a national press to develop, andInternet online copies now offer updated and immediate availability.The first British newspaperswith a limited national circulation appeared in the early eighteenth century and were followed byothers, such as The Times (1785), the Observer (1791) and the Sunday Times (1822).But most were so-called ‘quality’ papers, catering for a relatively small, educated market.In the nineteenth century, the growth and composition of the population conditioned thetypes of newspaper which were produced. The first popular national papers were deliberatelyprinted on Sundays, such as the News of the World (1843) and the People (1881).
They wereinexpensive and aimed at the expanding and increasingly literate working class. In 1896, AlfredHarmsworth produced the Daily Mail, which was targeted at the lower-middle class as analternative to the ‘quality’ dailies. Harmsworth then published the Daily Mirror in 1903 for theworking-class popular market.
Both the Mail and the Mirror were soon selling more than amillion copies a day.The early twentieth century was the era of mass-circulation papers and of owners such asHarmsworth and Arthur Pearson. There was fierce competition between them as they fought forbigger shares of the market. Pearson’s Morning Herald (later the Daily Express) was created in1900 to compete with the Daily Mail for lower-middle-class readers.The Daily Mirror was the largest-selling national daily in the early twentieth century.
Itsupported the Labour Party and was designed for quick and easy reading by the industrial andincreasingly politicized working class. The Daily Herald (1911) also supported the Labour Party,until it was sold in 1964, renamed the Sun and developed different political and news emphases.The competition between the Sun and Mirror continues today, with each aiming for a biggershare of the mass daily market. Battles are still fought between owners, since newspaperownership is concentrated in a few large publishing groups, such as Rupert Murdoch’s NewsInternational (which has large media holdings in Britain, Australia and the USA) and TrinityMirror .The success of the early popular press was due to growing literacy; a desire for knowledgeand information by the working class; and political awareness among workers caused by the riseof the Labour Party. Newspaper owners profited by the huge market, but they also satisfieddemand.
The price and content of mass papers reflected lower-middle- and working-classreaderships. This emphasis attracted large consumer advertising, and owners were able toproduce cheaply by using modern printing methods and a nationwide distribution network.The circulation of national papers rose rapidly, with 5.5 million daily sales by 1920. By 1973these had increased to 17 million. But newspapers had to cope first with the competition of radioand films and later with television. Although they have survived, there has, since the 1970s, beena decline in sales and in the number of national and other newspapers.Surveys find that Britons buy more papers than any other Europeans.
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