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Men use the internet more than women for everything but health-related topics, and retiredusers are less likely to use it than students. It is important to know why this is the case and OxISis the most valuable source for this type of information in Britain.’OII publishes OxIS every two years to chart the changing attitudes and uses of the internetin Britain. The survey is sponsored by the British Library, Cisco, HEFCE, Ofcom, and Talisma.The OII, a department within the University’s Social Sciences Division, is a leading centre forthe study of the internet and society, which focuses on internet-related research and teaching, andon informing policy makers and practitioners.1.
Answer the questions1.What did British newspapers identify with?2.How many copies of newspapers are sold in Britain nowadays?3.What is the reason why the British continue to buy newspapers?4.What newspapers are tabloids?5.What kind of newspapers are mass-market?6.What is the second category of British newspapers?2. Render the following sentences into Russian1. Owners were forced into new ways of increasing productivity while cutting costs.2.
Other magazines cover interests such as computers, rural pastimes, gardening,railways, cooking, architecture, do-it-yourself skills and sports.3. Competition between the BBC and independent television is strong, and the battle ofthe ratings indicates the popularity of offerings.4. Internet users think the internet is as reliable as television, but those who do not usethe internet trust the television more as a source of information.3. Give the English equivalents for:воспитывать; развлекать; удовлетворять; требовать; требовательная аудитория;спутниковое и кабельное вещание; цифровой; точка зрения; СМИ.6).What is the second category of British newspapers?4. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions from the text1.In Britain it generally … the print industries2.Their growth and variety have greatly … information dispersal, news availabilityand entertainment opportunities.3.(par1)(par 2)But the media provoke …about what is socially and morally permissible intheir content and methods.
(par 3)CHAPTER VI ENGLISH FOLKLORERead the Vocabulary:to stem from-происходить, произрастатьweird-странныйappeal-призывabundant -обширныйdepicted-отраженыto transmit-передаватьto be confined to-быть привязанным к чему -то antecedents -предшественникиappeal-призывabundant -обширныйdepicted-отраженыsolemnity -The British Isles have a rich diversity of folklore, stemming in part from the mix ofcultural identity from region to region. They have had a turbulent history, invaders and settlershave brought with them their own beliefs and lore, which have become included into oldertraditions.
Some stories seem to be widespread, such as the tradition of sleeping warriors underhollow hills and the wild hunt, often incorporating local heroes. The main reason to uniquenessof British culture certainly lies on the surface: Great Britain is an island populated by the nationthat had to grow up and go all the long way of its history alone being separated from the rest ofthe world by great amounts of water.
This very characteristics turned them into not only acurious nation, but also an interesting and special one, whose history and culture are one of therichest in the world.The studies of the British culture and therefore understanding of the national character ofthe English cannot stand apart from the research of its important product – folklore.
The folkloreand folk customs of England are rich and varied. Many customs are ancient, passed downgeneration to generation from Germanic to Celtic ancestors. Others are more modern creationswhile others were neglected or forgotten over the years. Whatever their roots or whatever theirage, they all make up the rich and diverse folk heritage of England. English folklore is the folktradition which has developed in England over a number of centuries. Some stories can be tracedback to their roots, while the origin of others is uncertain or disputed.A great deal of folklore and local legends has been lost because they are not passed byword of mouth as much as they used to be.
Only in the 18 th century amateurs of English culturePPturned to collecting and studying the national folklore. Local lore and legends were often clues tosolving landscape mysteries as well as being part of the beliefs of previous generations and partof the national history. English folklore could be considered a brief look at the not well knownmythology of the Anglo-Saxons, though it also has Welsh and Scottish influences, perhapsevidence of a predominantly non-hostile Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain or it could bebecause of the Norman's replacement of a great deal of English legends with Britonic ones.The art of story-telling has been cultivated in all ages and among all nations of which wehave any record; it is the outcome of an instinct implanted universally in the human mind.
Bymeans of a story the savage philosopher accounts for his own existence and that of all thephenomena which surround him. National differences can be depicted in the folklore of definitenation.The national peculiarities of the British people were formed due to many factors, such asgeography, historical, social and economical development.
The main system of values, beliefsand traditions is reflected in the British folklore (in this articlemain attention is devoted toballads and fairy tales).The British always attach great importance to tradition. Many of them still feel stronglyabout the monarchy because it adds a great deal of colour to their life. The British like courtceremonies, jubilees, shoes and parades. Some ceremonies are performed every day. One ofthem is the colourful Changing of the Guard by the mounted guards of the Household Cavalry inWhitehall.Another great spectacle is the formal ceremony of the changing the royal guard in theforecourt of Buckingham Place.
The Queen`s Guard, traditionally dressed in their scarlet tunicsand characteristic busbies, parade from St.James`s Palace to join the contingent at BuckinghamPlace, while the new guard, led by a military band, arrive from Chelsea. The British calendar isfull of many other events which add merriment and pageantry to British life. Although theBritish may not be willing to admit it, they love tradition and colourful displays.Most of the British customs, traditions, beliefs and values can be found in the folklore,namely in ballads and fairy tales.Ballads are a fascinating subject of study not least because of their endless variety. It isquite remarkable that ballads taken down or recorded from singers separated by centuries in timeand by hundreds of kilometers in distance, should be both different and yet recognizably thesame. The Ballad has been described as a lyrical narrative of varying length that has an exactmetrical structure and a liberal use of rhyme.
These poems are among a group of anonymoussongs that were probably written between 1200 and 1700 in Northern England and Scotland.Their origins are a bit controversial; scholars can't agree on how they were composed, or how oldindividual ballads are. Most were not written down and studied until the eighteenth and evennineteenth centuries.Throughout the Middle Ages ballads, short folk songs that tell stories, were verypopular. The Celts and Anglo-Saxons undoubtedly composed ballads, but we have no record ofthese early works. The oldest recorded ballad in the English language, called Judas, was writtendown in a late 13th с. manuscript.
Many of the ballads, however, first appeared in written formwith the introduction of the printing press (1476).The anonymous folk ballad (or popular ballad), was composed to be sung. It was passedalong orally from singer to singer, from generation to generation, and from one region toanother. During this progression a particular ballad would undergo many changes in both wordsand tune. The medieval or Elizabethan ballad that appears in print today is probably only oneversion of many variant forms. Primarily based on an older legend or romance, this type ofballad is usually a short, simple song that tells a dramatic story through dialogue and action,briefly alluding to what has gone before and devoting little attention to depth of character,setting, or moral commentary.
It uses simple language, an economy of words, dramatic contrasts,epithets, set phrases, and frequently a stock refrain. The familiar stanza form is four lines, withfour or three stresses alternating and with the second and fourth lines rhyming. For example:It was ín and abóut the Mártinmas tíme,When the gréen léaves were a fálling,That Sír John Gráeme, in the Wést Countrý,Fell in lóve with Bárbara Állan“Bonny Barbara Allan”It was in the 18th century that the term ballad was used in England in its present sense.Scholarly interest in the folk ballad, first aroused by Bishop Percy’s Reliques of Ancient EnglishPoetry (1765), was significantly inspired by Sir Walter Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border(1802). Francis Child's collection, English and Scottish Popular Ballads (5 vol., 1882–98),marked the high point of 19th-century ballad scholarship.
More than 300 English and Scottishfolk ballads, dating from the 12th to the 16th century, are extant. Although the subject mattervaries considerably, five major classes of the ballad can be distinguished—the historical, such as“Otterburn” and “The Bonny Earl o' Moray”; the romantic, such as “Barbara Allan” and “TheDouglas Tragedy”; the supernatural, such as “The Wife of Usher's Well”; the nautical, such as“Henry Martin”; and the deeds of folk heroes, such as the Robin Hood cycle.Ballads, however, cannot be confined to any one period or place; similar subject matterappears in the ballads of other peoples. Ballad (derived from the old French bailer, to dance) isthe name applied over all European countries to any simple, direct story told in simple verse.
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