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The Linguistic CultureThe course is called “The Linguistic culture” and is mostly devoted to theEnglish Language.The English language nowadays comprises (охватывает) a very largenumber of people across the globe. Nearly one quarter of the world’s population,or between 1.2 and 1.5 billion people, are already fluent or competent in English.The British Council estimates that about 375 million people speak English as thefirst language, another 375 million speak it regularly as the second language, andabout 750 million more people speak English as a foreign language.Today, English is considered the universal language for business,international communications, entertainment, tourism, trade and technology. Themajority of all resources on the internet are in English, affecting people to learnEnglish to take full advantage of it.
Above all, learning English is important forbeing able to exchange views and make friends with people all over the world.English has an official or special status in more than 70 countries. In GreatBritain, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand the EnglishLanguage is the native one. Because of the lack of the time I’ll have to concentrateon the English language of Britain and the United Sates.In the first part of the course I’ll try to introduce the main geographical, economicand cultural aspects of the life of Great Britain.The second part of the course is devoted to the history, political structure,education, science and culture of the United States. We’ll also speak about thedifference of the British and American variants of the English Language.After the first and the second parts of the course you’ll have a test and youwill write a composition.
The final result (зачет) is put into your check –book.All questions should be asked in writing.You can find in full all the facts and events I’ll speak about in the book “TheUnited Kingdom and the United States of America in Past and Present (2009)in the library of the faculty.To study the English Language is impossible without learning at least some aspectsof history, geography, culture and customs of Great Britain, as well as the dailyactivities of the British people.
It is but natural that it will be quite difficult tocommunicate with the Britons without knowing and understanding the backgroundand cultural content of their country. For example, many students still confusesuch notions as England, Great Britain and The United Kingdom..The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. The UK consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland andNorthern Ireland. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts:England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales and Scotland (thenorthern part of the island).The UK is a highly developed industrial and economic country.
It is knownas one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products,machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigationequipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. Only 7 percent of the population is engaged in farming.GEOGRAHPY AND CLIMATEThe British Isles are surrounded by the Irish Sea and the North Sea, theNorwegian Sea, the North Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Owing to the shape ofthe country, any point in Great Britain is no more than 70 miles from the sea.The total area of the British Isles is 325 000 square km. According to sciencethe British Isles used to form a part of the continent. The rocky highlands ofScotland, for example, resemble the Norwegian coast.
Evidence (доказательство)that the islands were the part of the continent is the shallowness (мель) of theEnglish Channel between them and the mainland.There are no high mountains in Great Britain. Highlands of Scotlandarethe tallest of the British mountains. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. TheThames is the deepest and the longest of the British rivers. Some of the Britishgreatest ports are situated on the Thames.Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources; it has some deposits ofcoal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the NorthSea.London, the capital of the United Kingdom was founded by the Romans in 43A.D. (лат., нашей эры) and called Londinium.
In 61 A.D. the town was burntdown and when it was rebuilt by the Romans it was surrounded by a wall. Thatarea within the wall is now called the City of London. It is London's commercialand business and financial centre. It contains the Bank of England, the StockExchange (фондовая биржа) and the head offices of numerous companies andcorporations.There is a very popular saying (поговорка) “When a man is tired of London, he istired of life”! There are hundreds of historic buildings, galleries and museums inLondon. Here is situated the Tower of London. The Tower was built by Williamthe Conqueror in 1066. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey. During the Tudorperiod (l6th century) the Londoners of the Elizabethan period built the firsttheatres.
Nowadays the theatre land is stretched around Piccadilly Circus. Not farfrom it one can see the British Museum and the Covent Garden Opera House.During the Victorian period (19th century) London was one of the most importantcenters of the Industrial Revolution and the centre of the British Empire.There are plenty of other historical and cultural cities and towns in England:Kent, Bristol, Bath, Brighton, Bournemouth, and many others. Chester is veryimportant town in the north-west of England.
In the past it used to be a Roman fort;its name comes from the Latin word “castra”, meaning «fortified camp». InChester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and moderntoys. Cambridge and Oxford are the home of the oldest university of England.A lot of people and tourists come to the South of England just to see the ancientcircle of stones, so-called Stonehenge, one of the most famous and mysteriousarchaeological sites of the world, built between 2500 and 1500 BC (before Christ,до нашей эры).
It was used by the Druids for their ceremonies.Not far from Stonehenge there stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid exampleof an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta(the agreement made in 1215 between King John and feudal barons) and the oldestclock in England.Some information about other countries of the UK.Wales is the country in the west of Great Britain. It is mainly amountainous land with a chiefly agricultural economy and an industrial and coalmining area in the south. The landscape is really beautiful. Cardiff, a large city inthe south, was chosen as the capital of Wales in 1955, mainly because of its size.Since 1536, Wales has been governed by England and the heir to the throne ofEngland has the title of Prince of Wales.
The Welsh language is an ancient Celticlanguage, similar to Breton, spoken in Brittany, France.Scotland is in Highlands. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, well knownfor its castle. Glasgow is the industrial capital of Scotland. It is the third largestcity in Great Britain. The typical products of Scotland are timber, whisky, andsalmon.
Golf is the Scottish natural sport and it seems to have originated in thiscountry. Scotland is also the land of myths and mysteries; every castle has “itsghost”. And of course everyone knows about so-called “the Loch Ness Monster”.«Nessie» is said to be about six meters long, with a long, thin neck. The first reportof the monster in Loch Ness was in 565 A.D.One third of the population of Northern Ireland (Ulster) lives in andaround the capital, Belfast - the most important port, commercial, industrial andcultural centre with theatres, orchestras, ballet and opera companies.A lot of British customs and habits as well as the language phrases areconnected with the English weather.The common ideas foreigners have about the weather in Britain are: "It rainsall the time, it's very damp"; "There's a terrible fog in London, just like in SherlockHolmes'...", 'The sun never shines in July or August".
But contrary to popularopinion, it does not rain all the time. Indeed, the weather changes so frequently thatit is difficult to forecast and it is not unusual for people to complain that the“weathermen” were wrong.Due to the geographic location of Great Britain the type of the climate isoceanic. There are no extreme contrasts in temperature in Britain because of thecurrent of warm water flowing from the gulf of Mexico called the Gulf Stream. AsBritain does not experience extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold orvery hot.
The temperature rarely rises above 32C (90°F) in summer, or falls below10°C (l4°F) in winter. Summers are generally cool, but due to global warming theyare starting drier and hotter. Winters are generally mild, with the most frequentand prolonged snowfalls in the Scottish Highlands where it is possible to go skiing.If it does snow heavily in other parts of Britain, the country often comes to astandstill. Trains, buses and planes are late.England is known to have been “The mother of industrial revolution”. Thedirt caused by London and Manchester smoke used to cause terrible fogs andsmogs, described by many English classical writers and shown in old films wherethey added mystery and atmosphere to murder stories and thrillers.
Now they arethings of the past. Since the 1950s, most British cities have introduced clean airzones. Factories and houses cannot burn coal and must use smokeless fuel.Britain's countryside is famous for its deep green color. Britain in fact looks likeone great park with its old trees, green meadows (луга) remaining green all theyear round.1 Answer the following questions:1. What parts does the United Kingdom consist of?2. What’s the difference between the names Great Britain and United Kingdom?3. What is the climate of Great Britain like?4. Do you know any English phrases, connected with the weather?5. Have you ever been to England?6. Which pictures do you imagine when you think of this country?7.
What do you know of Stonehenge?THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LAGUAGEAbout 2.000 years ago the British Isles were inhabited (населены) by the Celtswho had been arriving from Europe from the 8 th century BC. , mixed with thepeoples who were already there. During the next 1.000 years there were manyinvasions(набеги).
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