Текст Лекции (изначальный) (1157953), страница 3
Текст из файла (страница 3)
Most independent schools are called prep (preparatory) schools becausethey prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they take at theage of 11. This exam is for entry into the best schools. The most famous schoolsare called "public schools" and they have a long history and traditions. Childrenof wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as theirparents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools. Themajority of independent secondary schools, including public schools, are single-sex, although in recent years girls have been allowed to join the sixth forms ofboys' schools. Independent schools also include religious schools (Jewish,Catholic.
Muslim, etc.) and schools for ethnic minorities.Higher educationStudents normally enter University from 18 and study for an Academic Degree.Apart from a single private university, all undergraduate education is largely statefinanced (with tuition fees set at a maximum index-linked £3,225 per year).The typical first degree offered at British universities is the Bachelor's degree(typically three years).During a first degree students are known asundergraduates. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate Master's degree as afirst degree, typically lasting four years. Some universities offer a vocationallybased Foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hopeto continue to take a first degree but wish to remain in employment.1 Answer the following questions:I. At what age do British children go to school?2.
What types of school exist in Britain?3. What age do British pupils normally take exams?4. How can they enter Universities and colleges?5. Which types of British universities do you know?6. What degrees do British students receive on leaving universities?2.Translate from Russian into English:Обязательное школьное образованиеГосударственнные , общеобразовательные, средние школыПрофессиональное образованиеОплата за учебуПоступить в университет, семестр..CHAPTER V. Cultural life, Customs and TraditionsRead the vocabulary:old-fashioned –старомодныйbizarrely-странноgarter flashes-надеть подвязкуa sporran -кожаная сумка с мехомa light plaid – светлого цветаfastened -застегнутыйcatwalk –подиумginger- имбирьa significant –значительныйshift -изменениеparsley –петрушкаconsumption -потреблениеto flourish- процветатьenormous-огромныйunderfloor heating-подогрев половEvery nation and every country has its own traditions and customs .
Traditionsmake a nation special. Some of them are old-fashioned and many people remember them, othersare part of new people’s life.You cannot really imagine Britain without all its traditions, this integral feature of socialand private life of the people living on the British Isles that has always been an important part oftheir life and work. Some British customs and traditions are known all over the world.English traditions can be classified into several groups: traditions concerning theEnglishmen’s private life (child’s birth, wedding, marriage, wedding anniversary); which areconnected with families incomes; state traditions; national holidays, religious holidays, publicfestival, traditional ceremonies.Homes and HousesIs an English man's home really his castle? Well not quite. Some typical British homes arethe smallest in Europe, in fact they are downright pokey, with only an average usable floor spaceof 76m sq.( according to a new report by Bradford & Bingley).E.g.
the Italians hae the mostspace - an average of 92m sq per dwelling, over a fifth larger than us Brits enjoy.The report undertaken by the Centre for Economics & Business Research for Bradford &Bingley compares the UK property market to Germany, France, Italy and Spain. It revealsBritish living space per home is 12 percent smaller than the average Spanish home, 14 percentsmaller than in Germany and 16 percent smaller than in France.These figures are more surprising when the types of properties are taken into account asover four-fifths of British households prefer to live in a house. The report reveals that 82 percentof British families live in a house and only 15 percent live in a flat. This is in stark contrast tofamilies on continental Europe where flats are more popular.
In Spain, Italy and Germany morethan 50 percent of families live in a flat and France is not far behind with 41 percent. Yet almostbizarrely the average British family home has the least usable living space of the countries.An Englishman's home is as much his castle is it was 100 years ago - even if today'scastle has solar panels, home cinema and underfloor heating.
But both the role and the look ofthe home are changing. Social, cultural and economic factors are changing the face of Britishhome life.National Dress in BritainOne of the most famous national costumes in the world is that worn in Scotland, the kilt,however some people say that the kilt is not as traditional as some would have it. Be that as itmay it is certainly what people associate with Scotland, along with whisky and haggis thatis.Some people consider it very bad luck to wear a kilt in a tartan that does not belong to yourfamily.
Just to remind you should you visit Scotland any time - the men do not wear skirts - theywear kilts - and don't you forget it!Todaytraditional dress for men in Scotland is a kilt with a shirt,waistcoat and tweed jacket, stockings with garter flashes, brogue shoes and a sporran. A bonnetis often worn displaying the clan crest.Traditionally ladies don't wear kilts, they do however wear dresses or pleated skirts in a tartanmaterial. More often though they wear a light plaid orshawlof tartan material,Welsh National dress is relatively young and not asfamous as Scottish National dress. Still they do have aNational costume, but it's the way the ladies dress that ismostwell known, in fact there isn't really a National costumeformen although recently through the rise of nationalism inWales a tartan has been created and tartan trousers or kiltsareoften worn.For the ladies the typical Welsh costume consists of a hat, made of black felt, with a highcrown and wide brim, which is worn over a lace cap.
A red flannel shawl is worn over a crispwhite blouse, and a full skirt made of wool with a black and white check pattern and a starched,white apron. Proper Welsh ladies always wore black woolen stockings and black shoes andcarried a basket, made from willow withies.Irish National Dress English has without a doubt becomethe global language.With the revival of Irish dancing, the traditional Irishcostumehasbecomeassociatedwiththebrightflamboyant costumes worn by traditional Irish dancers.However in ancient Ireland people were more likely to beseen wearing 'leine' (Irish for shirt), trews (Irish fortrousers) and long cloaks fastened with a brooch.All in all there are a lot of myths and legendssurrounding many of the so called 'traditional' costumes. Often when you do some real historicalresearch you will find that they aren't that old or traditional.Unfortunately the English don't really have a traditional National Dress as such.
In onenotorious episode during the Miss World pageant the English contestant came out wearing aBeefeater's costume, it was very embarrassing I can tell you.There have been calls over the years to create a costume, but as usual no-one candecide on what it should look like. Even Henry VIII got in on the act and commissioned an artistcalled Van Dyck to create an English National Costume, this also failed. So for lack of anythingelse I will leave you with the following picture of the nearest thing - a Beefeater costume asworn by Miss England.UK FashionCurrently riding on a high again for its fashion, Britain has some of the most cuttingedge designers around. The ‘British Fashion Pack', including John Galliano,Stella McCartneyand Alexander McQueen, is creative, original and often controversial.
Big fashion houses suchas Chanel, Givenchy and Chloe snap up the hottest new talent . Love them or hate them, theykeep the rest of the fashion world on its toes and celebrities like Sadie Frost, Gwyneth Paltrowand Kate Moss very well dressed.Off the catwalk, Britain is still riding on the ‘Cool Britannia' vibe it enjoys overseas –all that is vintage, all that is heritage, all that is the ‘New Mod'. London's Carnaby Street was theoriginal home of British fashion in the 1960s and it's alive again with concept stores for vintage,street and sports brands like Puma, Ben Sherman, Fred Perry and Lambretta.
There are loads of2nd hand clothes stores around Covent Garden and Portobello market for cool rejects. Awayfrom the capital, city centres like Manchester and Leeds are home to individual boutiquesoriginal, up-to-the-minute designs.All this cutting-edge fashion ensures that young Brits are a pretty well-dressed bunch.City-centre institutions like French Connection, Oasis and Next are cheerfully mobbed atweekends.
You'll soon notice a few distinct tribes –label-conscious clubbers (Cockfighter andLibertine for boys, Preen and Marc Jacobs for girls), ‘Gentry Geezers' clad in Burberry, Pringleand Hacket, and outdoor types who won't go anywhere without a Berghaus fleece.Those keen on snapping up the latest threads for less will find bargain-priced designeroutlets at various locations around the country. The best place for good value latest trends is TopShop, with branches nationwide.
Also try H&M for high street copies of catwalk pieces for menand women .London Fashion week held in February and September is the main UK fashion eventattracting the glare of the world's style gurus. Hobbs Show in Bristol around March is anotherwell-known fashion-fest showcasing raw new talent.British FoodYes, The British do have a wide and varied cuisine in Britain today, no more do theysuffer under the image of grey boiled meat! After years of disparagement by various countries(especially the French) Britain now has an enviable culinary reputation. In fact some of the greatchefs now come from Britain, I kid you not!However Britain's culinary expertise is not new! In the past British cooking wasamongst the best in the world. Mrs Beeton is still one of the renowned writers of cookery books,her creations have now gained international popularity, years after her death.Traditional British cuisine is substantial, yet simple and wholesome.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
