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Sharp continued his research bytraveling to Appalachia in 1916 and there found songs that had English roots.The English folk revival's first wave came in the 1960s, with performers such as theYoung Tradition, the Watersons, Davey Graham, Pentangle and Fairport Convention. TheYoung Tradition and the Watersons emphasized close harmony a capella singing and focused ontraditional ballads. Guitarist Graham created the "folk baroque" school, blending traditionalmelodies with the elegance of baroque and classical music. The acoustic-based quintet Pentanglefurther explored that style by adding jazz-influenced instrumental techniques and rhythms.Fairport Convention started out as a psychedelic-era pop/folk band, playing original songs aswell as interpretations of Bob Dylan tunes.
But when vocalist Sandy Denny joined in 1968, sheintroduced the group to her repertoire of traditional ballads. This began a major change for theband, which was manifest on the 1969 release Liege & Lief. This landmark album, generallyconsidered the seminal English folk-rock recording, consisted of adaptations of traditionalballads and tunes along with new songs. That recording inspired several generations ofmusicians and that Fairport lineup included several musicians whose solo careers later addedtheir own stamps to the development of English folk-rock.
Bassist Ashley Hutchings, forinstance, was a founding member of Steeleye Span, the other great English folk-rock group.Inspired by Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span, a number of other folk rock bandsappeared in the 1970s, but none of those bands lasted more than a few years. In 1980s that punkinfluenced folk-rockers like Billy Bragg and the Men They Couldn't Hang appeared.
This spiritstrongly affected one time country-dance unit Oyster Ceilidh Band, which evolved intoOysterband and whose catchy original songs were (and are) propelled by rocked-up folk-dancerhythms. Along side the punk-folkers, veterans remained active. Martin Carthy teamed up withaccordionist John Kirkpatrick and a brass section to form Brass Monkey. Also sporting a brasssection was the regal sounding and fully electric band Home Service.Led by Eliza Carthy (daughter of Martin Carthy and Norma Waterson) and Yorkshire's KateRusby, the next generation of English roots musicians began to appear in the late 1990s.
They'rea talented and diverse bunch, but one thing that binds them together is that all are adventurousmusically, equally comfortable playing in solo situations or with bandsMusic is an essential part of British culture. The need and appreciation for music isevident in the everyday lives of people for it is heard in movies, on television and throughout allforms of audio media.
The majority of people also choose to listen to music for pleasure so it isnot surprising, considering the bombardment of music one is faced with, that music can be aninstrument of social influence and change. Music is a powerful form of communication. It can bepersonal, political, opportunistic, and can be self-expressive with therapeutic effects due to therelease of emotion.Pop music is an important part of British culture, not just as an expression of Englishness,but as an indicator of the multi-cultural nature of Britain today.
The Beatles first arrived on theLiverpool music scene in the early 60's creating a huge controversial craze among their fansknown as Beatle Mania.TheatreFrom its formation in 1707, the United Kingdom has had a vibrant tradition of theatre,much of it inherited from England and Scotland. Theatre was introduced from Europe to Englandby the Romans and auditoriums were constructed across the country for this purpose. By themedieval period theatre had developed with the mummers' plays, a form of early street theatreassociated with the Morris dance, concentrating on themes such as Saint George and the Dragonand Robin Hood. These were folk tales re-telling old stories, and the actors travelled from townto town performing these for their audiences in return for money and hospitality.
The medievalmystery plays and morality plays, which dealt with Christian themes, were performed atreligious festivals. The reign of Elizabeth I in the late 16th and early 17th century saw aflowering of the drama and all the arts. Perhaps the most famous playwright in the world,William Shakespeare, wrote around 40 plays that are still performed in theatres across the worldto this day. They include tragedies, such as Hamlet (1603), Othello (1604), and King Lear(1605); comedies, such as A Midsummer Night's Dream (1594—96) and Twelfth Night (1602);and history plays, such as Henry IV, part 1—2.
The Elizabethan age is sometimes nicknamed"the age of Shakespeare" for the amount of influence he held over the era. Other importantElizabethan and 17th-century playwrights include Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, and JohnWebster.During the Interregnum 1642—1660, English theatres were kept closed by the Puritans forreligious and ideological reasons. When the London theatres opened again with the Restorationof the monarchy in 1660, they flourished under the personal interest and support of Charles II.Wide and socially mixed audiences were attracted by topical writing and by the introduction ofthe first professional actresses (in Shakespeare's time, all female roles had been played by boys).New genres of the Restoration were heroic drama, pathetic drama, and Restoration comedy. TheRestoration plays that have best retained the interest of producers and audiences today are thecomedies, such as William Wycherley's The Country Wife (1676), The Rover (1677) by the firstprofessional woman playwright, Aphra Behn, John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696), and WilliamCongreve's The Way of the World (1700).
Restoration comedy is famous or notorious for itssexual explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles II (1660–1685) personally and by the rakisharistocratic ethos of his court.In the 18th century, the highbrow and provocative Restoration comedy lost favour, to bereplaced by sentimental comedy, domestic tragedy such as George Lillo's The London Merchant(1731), and by an overwhelming interest in Italian opera. Popular entertainment became moreimportant in this period than ever before, with fair-booth burlesque and mixed forms that are theancestors of the English music hall. These forms flourished at the expense of legitimate Englishdrama, which went into a long period of decline.
By the early 19th century it was no longerrepresented by stage plays at all, but by the closet drama, plays written to be privately read in a"closet" (a small domestic room).A change came in the late 19th century with the plays on the London stage by the IrishmenGeorge Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde and the Norwegian Henrik Ibsen, all of whom influenceddomestic English drama and vitalised it again.Today the West End of London has a large number of theatres, particularly centred aroundShaftesbury Avenue.
A prolific composer of the 20th century Andrew Lloyd Webber hasdominated the West End for a number of years and his musicals have travelled to Broadway inNew York and around the world, as well as being turned into films.The Royal Shakespeare Company operates out of Shakespeare's birthplace Stratford-uponAvon in England, producing mainly but not exclusively Shakespeare's plays.Important modern playwrights include Alan Ayckbourn, John Osborne, Harold Pinter, TomStoppard, and Arnold Wesker.Popular British HolidaysGuy Fawkes Day aka Bonfire Night - November 5 th .
This popular British rhyme is oftenPPspoken on Bonfire Night, in memory of the Gunpowder Plot: Remember, remember the 5th ofNovemberGunpowder, treason and plot. I see no reason that gunpowder treasonShouldeverbeforgotten.The smell of gunpowder smoke and the snap and crackle of bonfires will fill the capital inthe run up to Bonfire Night.
Thousands of revellers will line London's parks to "ooh" and "aah"as the city explodes into colour, in remberance of Guy Fawkes (Guido Fawkes) and his foiledplot to blow up Parliament and the King in 1605.Guy Fawkes was born in Yorkshire in 1570. A convert to the Catholic faith, Fawkes hadbeen a soldier who had spent several years fighting in Italy. It was during this period that headopted the name Guido (Italian for Guy) perhaps to impress the ladies!'Guy Fawkes Day' also known as 'Bonfire Night' or 'Fireworks Night' by some, marks thedate, November 5, 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to kill KingJames I and the Members of Parliament and to blow up the Houses of Parliament.This conspiracy arose as a reaction to the persecution of Catholics under the rule of KingJames, a Protestant.
Infuriated by the failure of King James, the son of the passionately CatholicMary Queen of Scots, to grant more toleration to Catholics. Four other Catholics joined withFawkes in his plans including Robert Catesby. Catesby made a fatal error and invited otherCatholics to join the plot until there were 60 plotters in all, you try keeping a secret when 60people know about it.Thomas Percy rented a cellar beneath the Palace of Westminster and 36 barrels ofgunpowder were placed in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament. But Francis Tresham betrayedthe conspiracy in a letter to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle, warning him not to attendparliament. Monteagle told the government and Fawkes was caught red handed in the cellarsunder Parliament, with a box of matches in his pocket and a guilty expression on his face! Hisfellow conspirators fled but many were killed or arrested and 9 members of the 60+ plotters,including Fawkes, were hung, drawn and quartered in January 1606.Comedians down the ages have said that he was "The only man ever to have entered Parliamentwith honest intentions."In London, bonfires were lit to celebrate the discovery of the plot soon after Fawkes wasdiscovered and In 1606 Parliament agreed to make 5th November a day of public thanksgivingand ever since then the day has been celebrated with fireworks and bonfires.
However, it is not apublic holiday.Today children still make stuffed figures with masks as effigies of Guy Fawkes. Theycall these figures guys and display them in the streets. Some even use the traditional formula of"A penny for the guy" when asking passersby for money (which is spent on fireworks). The guysthen become the centre-piece of bonfires on the night of November 5 when fireworks light up thesky over most of Britain.November 5 and any other day appointed for church bells to be rung is also calledRinging Day.
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