The Linguistic Culture-9-10 (Political Parties and Elections_ Media_ Soap Operas)(Education and Science in the USA) (1157935), страница 6
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Some students first take an associate’sdegree at a community college, where the tuition fees are lower and study two more years at afour-year college to complete their bachelor’s degree.Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. A freshmen is a firstyear student, a sophomore, a second year student, a junior, a third year student, and a senior, afourth year student.Most undergraduate students must take liberal arts classes in English, Math, History, andscience. They choose a major (specialize) in a subject such as business, education, or art in theirthird year of college or after they have completed half of their course work.
Students mustcomplete a survey course in American History or American Government in order to receive anydegree from the University.To graduate from a university requires a student to complete requirements of the university, toachieve the minimum allowable grade in the required courses, and to collect the requirednumber of so-called credits. There is wide variation in the requirements depending on whichuniversity you look at. In general, universities and colleges require students to fulfill a set ofgeneral requirements applicable to all students at the school (specialization), as well as fulfillingthe specific requirements for their major field of study.
For example, at Haverford College theyrequire 32 credits for graduation, 1 credit being awarded for each course taken and passed persemester. So, 4 credits per semester and 2 semesters per year equal 8 credits per year. Four yearsof college education multiplied by 8 credits per year equals 32 credits, or the amount needed tograduate. However, the Linguistics Department requires 10 credits of linguistics courses in orderto be eligible for the Bachelor of Arts degree in Linguistics. As a result, it is necessary to fulfillboth requirements before being allowed to graduate, i.e.
pass 32 credits of courses, 10 of whichmust be in the Linguistics Department.In addition, most universities require a minimum grade-point average before a studentis allowed to graduate.There are four principal types of academic degrees, each representing a different levelof academic achievement:The bachelor’s (baccalaureate) degree is the oldest academic degree used in variousforms by almost every institution offering four or more years All students who have graduatedand received the bachelor’s degree are classified as graduate students.
Their transcript of gradesis submitted with all applications to graduate schools. To meet high tuition fees most graduatestudent’s work and study.Some graduate students receive grants, which cover the cost of their education; a person on sucha fellowship is called a university fellow or a grantee.The most common master’s degree program represents a minimum of 1 year of work beyondthe baccalaureate. In certain areas this has been extended to 2 years of required graduate study(e.g. in business administration) or even 3 years (e.g. in fine arts). It may also involve one or allof the following additional requirements: a thesis, a general examination, and mastery of aforeign language. The master’s degree candidate follows a rather specific course of study,usually in a single field and arranged in cooperation with his adviser.
This is not, however,considered to be a research degree, but rather preparation for the PhD.Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) is one of the more rapidly growing; it is designed to prepareliberal arts graduate for secondary school teaching. Normally neither a language examination nora thesis is required for MAT, but course in practical teaching is usually incorporated.The earned doctorate is the most advanced degree conferred by American institutions. Doctoralprograms usually consist of at least 3 years of study beyond the baccalaureate.
There are 2 quitedistinct types of doctoral programs: the professional degree and the research degree. The firsttype represents advanced training for the practice of a given profession, such as the Doctor ofMedicine, the Doctor of Dental Science, and similar degrees. These degrees do not implyoriginal research.The research doctorate (PhD) is the highest earned degree in the American graduate school.Candidates usually follow a program of studies concentrated in one of the major fields ofknowledge.
They are normally required to demonstrate reading proficiency in at least twoforeign languages. After a student has satisfactorily completed his course work and met hisforeign language requirements, he must take a comprehensive examination to demonstrate ageneral knowledge of his field. It may be oral or written or both, and is evaluated by a specialcommittee to determine whether he is prepared to undertake his dissertation (it is usually thepreliminary, or qualifying, examination). The final period of predoctoral study is given overlargely to the preparation of the dissertation (this may require several years to finish). A finalexamination is required at most universities after the dissertation and other requirements for thedegree have been completed.According to tradition, the prospective doctor of philosophy should defend theconclusions of his dissertation. Consequently, it is frequently the custom to make publicannouncements of the date and place of the final examination and to permit the attendance of anyscholars who may wish to participate.
At one time, it was not uncommon for universities torequire that doctoral dissertation be published, but the increased expense in printing costs as wellas the increase in the number of dissertations has made such requirements quite rare.18years old to21years to1 st year-freshmanPCollegeP2 nd year-sophomoreor3d year-juniorUndergraduate4 th year-seniorEducationPPPPUniversity(bachelor’sdegree)2Master’s programyearsGraduateor3 to6 yearsProfessionalProfessionalschoolEducation(law, medicine)3 to5 yearDoctoralprogram(after M.A. program)Some colleges and universities also award honorary degrees as a form of deserved recognitionfor distinguished public service or for outstanding creative work.The concept of continuing (or lifelong) education is of great importance to Americans.Every year, over ten percent of all adult Americans further their education through participationin part-time instruction.
Some estimate that as many as 45 million adult Americans are currentlytaking courses in universities, colleges, professional associations, government organizations oreven churches and synagogues.1. Answer the questions.I. What were the aims of early institutions of higher learning ?2. Did American colleges duplicate their British counterparts in all respects?3. List the changes that took place in the American system of higher education in the 19 thcentury?4. What does the word “school” mean as applied to an element of an American university?5. When were women first admitted to American universities?6. Is public education in the USA centralized?7. Is there a unified system of education in the USA?8. At what age do children begin to attend school in the USA?9.
What is an elementary school in the USA?10.What is a high school in the USA?11. What is the theoretical basis of the great amount of time allotted to extra-curricularactivities?12. What kind of personality do they try to develop in American school-students?13. Is there a national system of higher education?14. How can an American school-leaver enter a higher educational institution?15. What are the entrance standards and admission policies at American universities andColleges?16. Where is competitive admission more common: at public (state) or private colleges anduniversities?PP17.
When is the dropout rating the highest?18. What are the two levels of the American universities?19. What is “majoring”?20. What are the American advanced degrees?21..How does one obtain the Master’s degree?22. Which of these degrees is actually a research degree?23. How does one get the PhD degree?24. What do the words “college” and “school” mean?2.Translate the Russian words and phrases into English:Основной принцип; образование; общее образование; децентрализация образования;детский сад; начальная школа; средняя школа;класс, оценка, система образования,программа обучения, учебный год, домашнее задание, каникулы, учащийся, основныепредметы, бесплатное обучение, частная школа, плата за обучение, внекласснаядеятельность, окончить школу, училище, требования при поступлении в университет,общественные науки, точные науки, предметы гуманитарного цикла, ректор университета,декан, заведующий кафедрой, отсев учащихся, разделение учащихся по способностям,студент первого года обучения, второго, третьего; студент-отличник, окончитьуниверситет, учиться в магистратуре, аспирантуре, ученые степени (бакалавра, докторанаук), фонд пожертвований.3.Render the Russian texts in English:A).В США не существует четкого определения самого понятия «Высшего учебногозаведение».
В принципе любое учебное заведение, осуществляющее дальнейшуюподготовку после окончания средней школы, так называемые «послесредние учебныезаведения», объединяющие часто профессиональные различные училища типа школмедсестер, педучилищ,вероятностиназыватьсякурсов механизаторов и пр., может с равной степенью«колледжем»,«школой»,«институтом»,илидаже«университетом». Единственным критерием для определения характера какого-либоучебного заведения США может служить лишь качественный уровень подготавливаемыхим специалистов и выполняемых в нем научных исследований.В США существует группа, состоящая из ведущих вузов, резко отличающаяся посвоим показателям от всех остальных вузов страны.
Именно эта группа, прежде всего иопределяет качественный вклад высшей школы в развитие научно-технического иэкономического потенциала страны.В их число входят «супервузы», которые являются безусловными лидерами вобразовании и науке США. Список этих 16 «супервузов»: Калифорнийский университетБеркли, Массачусетский технологический институт, Стенфордский, Висконсинский,Мичиганский, Иллинойский, Гарвардский, Корнельский, Вашингтонский (г. Сиэтл)университеты, Калифорнийский университет - Лос-Анджелес, Колумбийский, Йельский,Чикагский,Пенсильванский,ПринстонскийуниверситетыиКалифорнийскийтехнологический институт.Причем, несмотря на развитие сети штатских университетов, частные вузыпродолжают играть весьма существенную роль в формировании научно-образовательногопотенциал США. Внутри группы «супервузов» качественный вклад частных вузов показначительно выше, чем штатских.(Б.А.
Гончаров. Какой университет лучше?)Б) Высшие Учебные заведения США Высшие учебные заведения в США различаютсяпо числу преподавателей и студентов, по статусу и по характеру учебных программ.Американские колледжи и университеты не придерживаются обязательнойединой программы. Студентам предлагается на выбор большое число курсов изразличных областей знаний. Некоторые из этих курсов обязательны, другие нет. Вместе спреподавателем-руководителем студент составляет свою индивидуальную программуучебных курсов. Так, для получения степени бакалавра ему необходимо прослушатьопределенное количество курсов и сдать экзамены по каждому из них.
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