ГДЗ-Химия-9-класс-Габриелян-2002 (991184), страница 8
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ωKZG2JH4)2) ==m (kf_kb )76=m(P2 O 5 ) : ω Ca ( H 2PO 4 )2 (P2 O 5 )m(kf_kb)ωCa ( H PO ) (P2 O 5 ) =24 2=[ ω&D+ 32 32 \1420 U 3 2 == 60,7 %.0 U &D+ 32 234Lh]^ZωKZG2JH4)2)=;[ ⋅ \ ==0,329=32,9 %.\\Hl\_l: ω\ kmi_jnhknZl_ KZG2JH4)2) = 32,9 %.<hijhk>Zgh: m(H3PO4) = ]m(Ca(OH)2) = 37 ]GZclb: m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O)J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbKa(OH)2+H3PO4=CaHPO4⋅2H2O; ν(Ca(OH)2)=0,5fhevνG3JH4 fhevBamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhνG3JH4): ν(Ca(OH)2 Ba^Zgguo\b^ghqlhCa(OH)2 \ ba[uld_ihwlhfmkqblZ_fihG3JH4.BafhevG3JH4 ihemqZ_lkyfhevij_pbiblZlZ.m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) = ν\_s\Z⋅M\\Z ⋅ ]Hl\_l: m(CaHPO4⋅2H22 ]77Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf I.K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bokh_^bg_gbyIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 1.Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Zijh^mdlZj_Zdpbb<ZjbZglHij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbpbgdZk kheyghcdbkehlhc]Zahhl\h^gZy ljm[dZrlZlb\ijh[dZf_jgucpbebg^jdjbklZeebaZlhjk \h^hcijh[bjdZk ihjhrdhfZn b HClKh[_j_fijb[hj^eyihemq_gby]Zah\dZdihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_Ijh\_jbf_]hgZ]_jf_lbqghklv>eywlh]hhimklbfk\h[h^gucdhg_p]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db\ \h^mb gZ]j__fijh[bjdmfh`ghkihfhsvxkibjlh\db?kebbaljm[db\uoh^ylimaujvdb\ha^moZjZkrbjb\r_]hkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbblhijb[hjkh[jZg]_jf_lbqghL_i_jvgZev_f\ f_jgucpbebg^j\h^mZddmjZlghi_j_\_jg_f_]h\\h^_ lZd qlh[u \ha^mo g_ ihiZe \gmljv dhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[dbihf_klbf \ pbebg^j dZd ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ < ijh[bjdm ihf_klbfjZkq_lgh_ dhebq_kl\h ihjhrdZ pbgdZ b jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu biehlghaZldg_f__ j_abgh\hcijh[dhck ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[dhc< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_lky\u^_e_gb_\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucihljm[d_ihklmiZ_l\ f_jgucpbebg^jb \ul_kgy_lbag_]h\h^mH[t_f\ul_kg_gghc\h^ujZ\_gh[t_fmihemq_ggh]h\h^hjh^Z VH ( ijZdl.) ).>eylh]hqlh[umagZlv VH 2 ( ijZdl.) aZibr_fj_Zdpbx\aZbfh^_ckl\by=Qb +&O2=Q fhev0 ]fhevP 0⋅ ]+ +&O ⇒ =Q&O ++ ↑ fhev9 efhev9 ν⋅ 9ν e78Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh\a\_kb\pbgdjZkkqblZ_fl_hj_lbq_kdbh[t_f\h^hjh^ZVVH 2 ( l_hj.) = mZn⋅= mZn 22,4 = 0,345 mZn;m65lh]^Z\uoh^\h^hjh^Zfh`ghihemqblvihnhjfme_VH 2 ( ijZdl .)9+ ijZdl9+ ijZdl⋅100 % =⋅100 % = 2,9⋅ W=100 %.PP =QVH 2 ( l_hj.)=Q<ZjbZglHij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbdZevpbyk \h^hcHiulijh\h^blkyZgZeh]bqghij_^u^ms_fm\ZjbZglHlebqZxlkyebrvjZkq_luKgZqZeZgZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hdZevpby<a\_kb\\u^Zgguch[jZa_pfumagZ_fkmffZjgmxfZkkmf_lZeeZk ijbf_kyfb(100% − 12%)mCa =mh[jZapZ = 0,88 mh[jZapZ .100%± ^heyqbklh]hf_lZeeZ\ h[jZap_AZibr_fj_Zdpbx\aZbfh^_ckl\byKZk G2H&D fhev0 ]fhevP ]oe+ + 2 = &D2+ +Lh]^Z VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mKZ⋅+ ↑ fhev9 efhev9 eV= 0,56mKZ = 0,4928 mh[jZapZ .mJZkkqblZ_f\uoh^\h^hjh^Zihnhjfme_VH 2 ( ijZdl .)VH ( ijZdl .)⋅100 % = 2,03⋅ 2W=100 %.VH 2 ( l_hj.)m h[jZapZ< j_Zdpbbh[jZam_lkyfZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hKZHG2HghhklZg_lky\ ijh[bjd_\ \b^_[_ehcfmlbIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 2.Hkms_kl\e_gb_p_ihqdbobfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbc<ZjbZglIjh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby123→→→MgCO3 MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgSO4.<havf_fl\_j^uc0J&23 b ^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&OMgCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.MgCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Mg2+ + H2O + CO2↑.79]ZaL\_j^ucdZj[hgZlfZ]gbyjZkl\hjblky\ dbkehl_b [m^_l\u^_eylvkyD ihemq_gghfmjZkl\hjm^h[Z\bfs_ehqvgZijbf_jjZkl\hjNaOH.MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓;Mg2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Mg(OH)2↓.Ijhbkoh^bl\uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZD hkZ^dm^h[Z\ey_fjZkl\hj+2SO4.Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4⇒MgSO4 + 2H2O;Mg(OH)2 + 2H+⇒Mg2+ + 2H2O.HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky<ZjbZglIjh\_^_fke_^mxs__ij_\jZs_gb_ → Cu(OH)2 → CuO → Cu.CuSO4 D jZkl\hjmf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ&X624^h[Z\bfhklhjh`ghjZkl\hj1D2+CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4,Cu2+ + 2OH– = Cu(OH)2↓.<uiZ^Z_lkbgbchkZ^hdIjh[bjdmk ihemq_ggufhkZ^dhfZddmjZlghgZ]j__fgZkibjlh\d_123WCu(OH)2 ⇒ CuO + H2O.KbgbchkZ^hdihkl_i_gghq_jg__lIjhbkoh^bljZaeh`_gb_Cu(OH)2k h[jZah\Zgb_fq_jgh]hKX2>eyihemq_gby&XkgZqZeZi_j_\_^_f&X2\ jZkl\hj^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OKX2 + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O,KX2 + 2H+ ⇒ Cu2+ + H2O.Q_jguchkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyL_i_jv^h[Z\bflm^Zihjhrhd`_e_aZIhemq_ggmxkf_kvfh`ghhklhjh`ghijhdbiylblvgZkibjlh\d_CuCl2 + Fe ⇒ Cu↓ + FeCl2;Cu2+ + Fe0 ⇒ Cu0↓ + Fe2+.GZ^g_ijh[bjdbhklZ_lkydjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b<ZjbZglIjh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby= Q& O → = Q 2 + → = Q & O 1 D = Q 2 D jZkl\hjm=Q&O2 ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ZnCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl,Zn2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd80<uiZ\rbchkZ^hdjZa^_ebfgZ^\_jZ\gu_qZklbD i_j\hcijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OZn(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + 2H2O, Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + 2H2O.HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyDh\lhjhcijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfba[ulhd1D2+Zn(OH)2+2NaOH⇒Na2[Zn(OH)4], Zn(OH)2+2OH–⇒[Zn(OH)4]2–.H[jZam_lky]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkpbgdZIjb\_^_ggZy\ mq_[gbd_nhjfmeZ1D2ZnO2 g_\_jgZ^eyj_Zdpbc\ jZkl\hjZoZn(OH)2 \ j_Zdpbyob \_^_lk_[ydZdZlfhkn_jguc]b^jhdkb^j_Z]bjmyb kdbkehlhcb khkgh\ZgbyfbIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 3.Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbxb ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\<ZjbZgl< \u^Zgguoijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\Z>eygZqZeZjZkl\hjbfbo\ \h^_>h[Z\bfd ihemq_ggufjZkl\hjZfH2SO4.Z1D2+ + H2SO4 ⇒ Na2SO4 + 2H2O,2Na+ + 2OH– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O,HG– G+ ⇒ G2HG_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbc[D2KH3 + H2SO4 ⇒ K2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑.2K+ + CO32– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2K+ + SO42– + H2O + CO2↑.CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑.<u^_ey_lky]Za\%D&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl;Ba2+ + 2Cl– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2H+ + 2Cl–.Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd<ZjbZgl< ijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZKgZqZeZbojZkl\hjbf\ \h^_Z< h^ghcijh[bjd_\_s_kl\hg_[m^_ljZkl\hjylvkyWlh&D&23.>eyhdhgqZl_evghcijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&OCaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.CaCO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2Cl– + H2O + CO2↑.CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.<u^_ey_lky]Za81[D hklZ\rbfkyjZkl\hjZf^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2< h^ghcbaijh[bjhd\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdWlhjZkl\hj1D2SO4.Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓.2Na+ + SO42– + Ba2+ + 2Cl– ⇒ 2Na+ + 2Cl– + BaSO4↓.SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.\< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky.&O<ZjbZgl< ijh[bjdZo ²l\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZIhiulZ_fkybojZkl\hjblv\ \h^_G_jZkl\hjb\r__ky\_s_kl\h\ h^ghcbaijh[bjhd ²wlhKZKO3>eyih^l\_j`^_gbyfh`gh^h[Z\blvd g_fmjZkl\hjdbkehlukfhljb\ZjbZglZ>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2SO4 ijh\_^_fZgZeh]bqguchiuldZdb \\ZjbZgl_[< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky%D(NO3)2.<ZjbZgl< ijh[bjdZo ²ljbjZaebqguojZkl\hjZ>h[Z\bfd dZ`^hcbalj_oijh[bjhdg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+Z< ijh[bjd_]^_g_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbckh^_j`blky1D&O[< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf$O&O3 \uiZe[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hdjZkl\hjbfucdZd\ dbkehlZolZdb \s_ehqZoAlCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Al(OH)3↓.Al3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Al(OH)3↓.Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓.\< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 hkZ^hdbf__l[mjucp\_lWlhlhkZ^hdlZd`_jZkl\hjbf\ dbkehlZob \ba[uld_s_ehqbFeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓.Fe3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Fe(OH)3↓.Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓.AZ^ZqZ>eyhij_^_e_gbyijbf_kbkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,,\ `_e_aghfdmihjhk_ \hkihevam_fkydZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cgZbhg)H3+l_ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxk `_elhcdjh\yghckhevx2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 6K2SO4.?kebijbf_kv)H3+ kh^_j`blky\ dmihjhk_lh\uiZ^_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgbAZ^ZqZ>eygZqZeZi_j_\_^_f)H&O3 \ ]b^jhdkb^^h[Z\eyyjZkl\hj1D2+FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl.82<uiZ^Z_l[mjuchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^ZL_i_jvkhev_fk g_]hjZkl\hjih\hafh`ghklbZ kZfhkZ^hdi_j_g_k_f\ nZjnhjh\uclb]evbijhdZebfgZh]g_HklZ\rbckyihjhrhdp\_lZj`Z\qbgub [m^_lFe2O3.t2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O↑.AZ^ZqZ>ey ihemq_gby ZexfbgZlZ gZljby g_h[oh^bfh d $O ^h[Z\blvba[ulhdjZkl\hjZ1D2+b ih^h`^Zlvg_dhlhjh_\j_fy:exfbgbcgZ\ha^mo_ihdju\Z_lkyhdkb^ghcie_gdhcdhlhjZyf_^e_gghjZkl\hjy_lky\ s_ehqbKZf`_Zexfbgbck s_ehqvxj_Z]bjm_l^h\hevghZdlb\ghAZibr_f\k_ijhbkoh^ysb_j_Zdpbb3H2O + Al2O3 + 6NaOH ⇒ 2Na3[Al(OH)6];2Al + 6H2O ⇒ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑;Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Na3[Al(OH)6].< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkyZexfbgZlgZljbyAZ^ZqZ>eyihemq_gby)H&O2 ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxf_`^m)Hb jZkl\hjhf+&OFe + 2HCl ⇒ H2↑ + FeCl2.IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 4.DZq_kl\_ggu_j_ZdpbbgZbhguf_lZeeh\AZ^Zgb_< obfbbbkoh^j_ZdpbbqZklhaZ\bkblhlmkeh\bc_]hijh\_^_gbygZijbf_jhlkhhlghr_gbyj_Z]_glh\Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd jZkl\hjm$O&O3 s_ehqb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^Zlds_ehqv\ wlhfkemqZ_\ g_^hklZld_AlCl3 + 3NaOHg_^hkl ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl.Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd s_ehqbjZkl\hjZ$O&O3 hkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_lldAl(OH)3 kjZam`_j_Z]bjm_lk ba[uldhf1D2+^hh[jZah\Zgby]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkZAlCl3 + 6NaOHba[ ⇒ 3NaCl + Na3[Al(OH)6]↓.AZ^Zgb_>eyih^l\_j`^_gbydZq_kl\_ggh]hkhklZ\Z&D&O2 ^h[Z\bfd _]hjZkl\hjmdZj[hgZlgZljbyIjbwlhf\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdCaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl;Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Na+ + &2 − ⇒ CaCO3↓ + 2Na+ + 2Cl–;83Ca2+ + &2 − = CaCO3↓.>eyhij_^_e_gbybhgh\&O– \ h[jZap_fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hjAgNO3dhlhjuc^Z_lg_jZkl\hjbfuc[_euchkZ^hdCaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl↓;Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Ag+ + 2NO3– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2NO3– + 2AgCl↓.AZ^Zgb_Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby→ FeCl2 → FeCl3.Fe 1JZkl\hjbf`_e_ah\ jZkl\hj_+&O++2)H +&O ⇒ )H&O + ↑Fe0 + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H 02 ↑.<u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^L_i_jvijh\_jbf\ jZkl\hj_gZebqb_)H2+ kihfhsvxdjZkghcdjh\yghckheb3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl.3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓.<uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgbke_^h\Zl_evghbhgu)H2+ ²ihemq_guI_j_\_^_f)H2+ \ )H3+bkihevamyoehjgmx\h^mOehjgZy\h^Z —wlhjZkl\hj&O2 \ \h^_++)H&O &O ⇒ )H&O− 2Fe2+ + Cl 02 ⇒ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl–.P\_ljZkl\hjZbaa_e_gh]hi_j_oh^bl\ `_elhdhjbqg_\ucL_i_jvijh\_jbfjZkl\hjgZgZebqb_)H3+ k ihfhsvx`_elhcdjh\yghckheb4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl.4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓.?keb\uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\Zkbgvlh\ jZkl\hj_kh^_j`Zlkybhgu)H3+.AZ^Zgb_Ihemqbf)H624.Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk +2SO4.0+1+20Fe + H 2 SO 4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H 2 ↑.@_e_ahjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_b \u^_ey_lky]Za< jZkl\hj_hklZ_lky)H624.84Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk jZkl\hjhf&X624.++&X 62 )H ⇒ )H62 &X ↓<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b\ jZkl\hj_hklZ_lky)H624.BajZkl\hjZkheb)H2+ ihemqbfkgZqZeZ]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,,FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl.Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓.Khev_fhklZ\rbckyjZkl\hjb ^h[Z\bf+2SO4H[jZam_lky)H624.Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2H2O + FeSO4;Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + 2H2O.?s_)H624 fh`ghihemqblvba)H623 ^h[Z\e_gb_fdbkehluFeSO3 + H2SO4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H2O + SO2↑;FeSO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + H2O + SO2↑.AZ^Zgb_Ijh\_jbfdZq_kl\_gguckhklZ\kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\)H2+Bkihevam_f^eywlh]hdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk djZkghcdjh\yghckhevx3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4;3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓.<uiZ^_gb_l_fghkbg_]hhkZ^dZ]h\hjblh gZebqbbbhgh\)H2+.>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\6242– j_Zdpb_ck khevx[ZjbyFeSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + FeCl2;SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjyxsbcky\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZoKe_^h\Zl_evghjZkl\hjkh^_j`Ze6242–.85Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf II.K\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbcg_f_lZeeh\IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 5.Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlub bamq_gb___k\hckl\Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlu+&OZ;m^mqbg_e_lmq_ckbevghcdbkehlhc+2SOdhgp kihkh[gZy\ul_kgylv^jm]b_dbkehlubabokhe_c< ^ZgghfkemqZ_+&OlZd`_kbevgZydbkehlZghhgZh[eZ^Z_le_lmqbfbk\hckl\ZfbIhwlhfm^ey__ ihemq_gbybkihevamxlj_Zdpbxk H2SOdhgpijbgZ]j_\ZgbbtH2SOdhgp + NaCll\ ⇒ NaHSO4 + HCl↑.< kbevghdbkehckj_^_kj_^gyykhev1D2SO4 i_j_oh^bl\ dbkemxNaHSO4.Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2NaHSO4.;_agZ]j_\Zgby\ jZkl\hj_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkybhggh_jZ\gh\_kb_Oehjh\h^hjh^g_\u^_ey_lkyNaCl + H2SO4 ⇒ NaHSO4 1Z&OJZkl\hjoehjh\h^hjh^Zg_fgh]hly`_e__\h^uihwlhfmfufh`_fgZ[ex^Zlvlhgdb_himkdZxsb_kykljmcdb_s_g_i_j_f_rZ\r_ckylhevdhqlhh[jZah\Z\r_ckyijbjZkl\hj_gbbkheyghcdbkehluOehjh\h^hjh^hq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_?kebdhg_p]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[dbhimklblvgbadhd ih\_joghklb\h^ulhfh`_lijhbahclb\kZku\Zgb_jZkl\hjZ\ ljm[dmIhkfhljbl_jbkbamq_[gbdZkljbeexkljbjmxsbcohjhrmxjZkl\hjbfhklvoehjh\h^hjh^Z\ \h^_Bamq_gb_k\hckl\kheyghcdbkehlu>eybamq_gbyk\hckl\kheyghcdbkehluijh\_^_fg_kdhevdhoZjZdl_jguo^eyg__j_ZdpbcG_\k_f_lZeeuj_Z]bjmxlk kheyghcdbkehlhcB^_lj_Zdpbybebg_laZ\bkblhlZdlb\ghklbf_lZeeZQ_fZdlb\g_cf_lZeel_f[uklj__b^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\b_>eym^h[kl\Zfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lvwe_dljhobfbq_kdbcjy^gZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\hggZoh^blkygZnhjaZp_\ dhgp_mq_[gbdZLh]^Zf_lZeeugZoh^ysb_kyi_j_^G2,j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbihke_G2 ²g_j_Z]bjmxlIhwlhfm=Qb 0J\ul_kgyxl+2 badbkehluZn + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + H2↑,86Mg + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl + H2↑.K f_^vxkheygZydbkehlZg_j_Z]bjm_l< q_l\_jlhcijh[bjd_ijhl_dZ_lj_ZdpbytCuO + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O.&X2jZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjaZkq_lhdjZr_gguobhgh\&X2+.< iylhcijh[bjd_ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_&X2+2 \ +&OCu(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ G2H + CuCl2.LZd`_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hj&X2+).< r_klhcijh[bjd_CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.;he__kbevgZydbkehlZ\ul_kgy_l[he__keZ[mxm]hevgmxdbkehlmdhlhjZyjZaeZ]Z_lkygZm]e_dbkeuc]Zab \h^mH2CO3 ⇒ CO2↑ + H2O.KgZqZeZaZibr_f\k_j_Zdpbbk $J123.HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3;NaCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + NaNO3;CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ 2AgCl↓ + Ca(NO3)2.<h\k_oijh[bjdZo\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\HNOdhgp.:gZeh]bqghijhbkoh^ylj_Zdpbbk 3E123)2:2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3;2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NaNO3;CaCl2 + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + Ca(NO3)2.LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E&O2 \k_lZdb^hklZlhqgh\_ebdZlhhkZ^hd\uiZ^Z_lebrvba^hklZlhqghdhgp_gljbjh\ZgguojZkl\hjh\Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcG123 dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\Pb2+ b &O– mf_gvrZ_lkydjhf_lh]hjZ\gh\_kb_baaZba[uldZ+123kf_sZ_lky\e_\hihwlhfmhkZ^hd3E&O2 jZkl\hjy_lkyZ>eylh]hqlh[uhlebqblvkheygmxdbkehlmhl^jm]bodbkehlfh`ghijh\_klbj_Zdpbxk $J123 beb3E123)2< j_amevlZl_\uiZ^Z_l[_eucl\hjh`bkluchkZ^hd$J&ObebfZehjZkl\hjbfucPbCl2.[Oehjb^uhij_^_eyxlkybgufh[jZahf\Kheygmxdbkehlmhloehjb^h\fh`ghhlebqblvj_Zdpb_ckf_lZeeZfb+&Oj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^Z87IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 6.Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^ZªAZ^ZqZ>ey^hdZaZl_evkl\Zijh\_^_fkgZqZeZj_Zdpbxk_jghcdbkehluk =QZn + H2SO4 ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑.Pbgd\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^badbkehlul_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu\h^hjh^ZIjh\_^_fj_Zdpbx+2SO4 k jZkl\hjhfkheb<Z2+:<Z&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob hkgh\Zgbyol_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu6242+.AZ^ZqZ< j_ZdpbbpbgdZk jZa[Z\e_gghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^:Zn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑.Ijbj_Zdpbb=Qk dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lkyH26h[eZ^Zxsbcg_ijbylgufoZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf4Zn + 5H2SO4(dhgp ⇒ 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O.JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbdZdh[uqgZyfbg_jZevgZydbkehlZDhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\_^_lk_[ym`_dZddbkehlZhdbkebl_ev\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbyijhbkoh^blih^jm]hfmAZ^ZqZOehjgZyb [jhfgZy\h^Z ²hdbkebl_ebihwlhfm\ h[_boijh[bjdZokmevnb^hdbkeblky^hk_juNa2S + Cl2 = S + 2NaCl;JZkl\hjuh[_kp\_qb\ZxlkyAZ^ZqZM gZk_klvljbjZaebqguo\_s_kl\Z+&O+2SO4; NaOH.>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2+fh`ghbkihevah\ZlveZdfmkbg^bdZlhjgZy[mfZ`dZ^he`gZihkbg_lv\ s_ehqghckj_^_bebjZkl\hj0J2+.MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓.< ijh[bjd_k 1D2+\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd\ hklZevguo\b^bfuobaf_g_gbcg_ijhbahc^_l>eyhij_^_e_gby+2SO4 gZ^hbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj%D2+.Na2S + Br2 = S + 2NaBr.88H2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2HCl + BaSO4↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdk +&OjZkl\hj%D2+ g_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_l< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_jZkl\hj+&O>eyijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123 beb3E123)2.HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3;2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdAZ^ZqZIh\Zj_ggZykhevbf__lnhjfmem1D&O>eyhij_^_e_gby ijbf_kbkmevnZlZfh`ghbkihevah\ZlvdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk %D2+.Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓.?keb\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZobs_ehqZolhih\Zj_ggZykhevkh^_j`blijbf_kbkmevnZlh\AZ^ZqZ>eyhij_^_e_gbykmevnZlZbkihevam_foZjZdl_jgmxj_ZdpbxkjZkl\hjhf<Z2+.<Z2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK oehjb^hfb bh^b^hfj_Zdpbyg_b^_l>eyhij_^_e_gbyoehjb^Zb bh^b^Z\havf_fjZkl\hj$J123ij_^\Zjbl_evghijh\_jb\gZkmevnZlAg+ + Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓,Ag+ + I– ⇒ AgI↓.AgCl ²[_euc$JI ²`_elucIhp\_lmfh`ghhij_^_eblvkhklZ\\u^ZgghckhebAZ^ZqZJZkl\hjbfihemq_gguchdkb^f_^b\ k_jghcdbkehl_ijbgZ]j_\ZgbbtCuO + H2SO4 ⇒ CuSO4 + H2O.H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkmevnZlZf_^bIhemq_ggucjZkl\hj&X624 i_j_ev_f\ nZjnhjh\mxqZr_qdmbijh^he`bf]j_lvgZh]g_^hihy\e_gbykeZ[hcie_ghqdbgZih\_joghklbjZkl\hjZAZl_fkgbfZ_fqZr_qdmk h]gyb hklZ\ey_fhoeZ`^Zlvky< jZkl\hj_h[jZamxlkydjbklZeeuf_^gh]hdmihjhkZL_i_jvbofh`ghhklhjh`ghhlnbevljh\u\Zlvb \ukmrblvNhjfmeZf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ — CuSO4⋅G2H89AZ^ZqZ<havf_fjZkl\hjkheyghcdbkehlub ^h[Z\bf__ \dZ`^mxbaijh[bjhd< ijh[bjd_k kmevnZlhfgbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l< ^\mo^jm]boijh[bjdZo\u^_ey_lky]ZaBofh`ghjZaebqblvihaZiZomNa2SO3+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2O+SO2↑,Na2S+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2S↑.SO2 bf__lj_adbcg_ijbylgucaZiZo+26bf__loZjZdl_jgucaZiZoihjq_guoybpIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 7.Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZb bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZIjh\_^_f\k_^_ckl\byhibkZggu_\ mq_[gbd_Ba]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db[m^_l\u^_eylvkyZffbZdHgjZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_ijhiblZ\r_cn_ghenlZe_bgh\mx[mfZ`dmNH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH.< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lky]b^jhdkb^Zffhgbydhlhjucbf__ls_ehqgmxj_Zdpbxb hdjZrb\Z_lbg^bdZlhj\ fZebgh\ucp\_l?kebih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[dbkl_deyggmxiZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghckheyghcdbkehlhclhgZ^hl\_jklb_fh[jZam_lky[_eZy^ufdZIjhbkoh^blj_ZdpbyNH3 + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl.NH4&Oh[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx_]hqZklbqdbih^gbfZxlky\f_kl_kZffbZdhfBofub \b^bf\ \b^_[_ehc^ufdbIjh\_^_fjZkl\hj_gb_ZffbZdZlZddZdwlhhibkZgh\ mq_[gbd_BaaZhq_gvohjhr_cjZkl\hjbfhklbZffbZdZ\h^Z\ ijh[bjd_ih^gbfZ_lkyH[jZam_lky1+4OH.AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^m&D2+2 b 1+4Cl.Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ CaCl2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O↑.DZdfh`gh\b^_lvbamjZ\g_gby\ j_Zdpbbh[jZamxlkyiZju\h^uHgbdhg^_gkbjmxlkygZ[he__oheh^guokl_gdZoijh[bjdb?kebdZi_evdb\h^uihiZ^mlgZjZkdZe_ggh_^ghlhijh[bjdZfh`_llj_kgmlvIhwlhfm__ gZdehgyxllZdbfh[jZahfqlh[udZi_evdbkdZlu\Zebkvd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdb:ffbZde_]q_\ha^moZldF1+3 ]fhevF\ha^moZ ≈≈ 29 ]fhevHgih^gbfZ_lky\\_joihwlhfm_]hgZ^hkh[bjZlv\i_j_\_jgmlmxijh[bjdm:gZeh]bqghfh`ghkh[bjZlvG2F2 ]fhev&+4 ²f_lZgF ]fhev+HF ]fhevb ^jm]b_90?keb\f_klh+&Oih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdbk ZffbZdhfiZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhclhfugbq_]hg_m\b^bfNH3 + HNO3 ⇒ NH4NO3.NH4NO3 ²g_h[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvxH[uqgh^eyhij_^_e_gbyhkgh\Zgbcbkihevamxlj_Zdpbbkh[jZah\Zgb_fg_jZkl\hjbfuo]b^jhdkb^h\gZijbf_j0J2+2.2NH4OH + MgCl2 ⇒ 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdBamq_gb_k\hckl\\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZZffbZdZ <h^guc jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ bf__l s_ehqgmx kj_^m l_ ^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdmk n_ghenlZe_bghf Ijbdbiyq_gbbjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZffhgbyjZaeZ]Z_lky\j_amevlZl_q_]hZffbZdme_lZ_lb jZkl\hjklZgh\blkyg_cljZevguftNH4OH ⇒ NH3 + H2O↑.N_ghenlZe_bg\ g_cljZevghckj_^_ ²[_kp\_lgucN_ghenlZe_bg^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdm\ jZkl\hj_]b^jhdkb^ZZffhgbylZddZdlhly\ey_lkyhkgh\Zgb_fIjb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehluijhbkoh^blg_cljZebaZpbyb p\_lbkq_aZ_lNH4OH + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl + H2O,OH– + H+ ⇒ H2O.Ijhbkoh^bl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^mjZkl\hjhf$O&O3 b 1+4OH.AlCl3 + 3NH4OH ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl,Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hdIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 8.Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_©Ih^]jmiiZZahlZªAZ^ZqZZJZkl\hjbfZffbZd\ \h^_b ijh\_jbfhkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjZNH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH,2NH4OH + MgCl2 = 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdN_ghenlZe_bghdjZrb\Z_lky\ fZebgh\ucp\_l[Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyZahlgZydbkehlZjZkl\hjy_lf_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v91Cu + 4HNOdhgp ⇒ KX123)2 + 2NO2↓ + 2H2O.H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjb \u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za\GbljZlZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkygZ^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijbW°>100°K\_s_kl\ZtNH4NO3 ⇒ N2O↑ + 2H2O↑.IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbk s_ehqvx\u^_ey_lkyZffbZdtNH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O.:ffbZdfh`ghhij_^_eblvihaZiZombebdZdmdZaZgh\ imgdl_ ZAZ^ZqZIjh\_^_fj_Zdpbx1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 k &D(OH)2.< j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\byiblZl_evgucwe_f_glZahlme_lmqb\Z_lky\ \b^_ZffbZdZ(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 =CaSO4↓ + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O;2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O.AZ^ZqZZ>eyhij_^_e_gby1+4+ fh`ghbkihevah\Zlvj_Zdpbxk s_ehqvxijbgZ]j_\ZgbbtNH4Cl + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaCl.G_mklhcqb\uc1+42+jZaeZ]Z_lkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk h[jZah\Zgb_f]Zahh[jZagh]hZffbZdZHij_^_e_gb_1+3 ih^jh[ghhibkZgh\aZ^Zq_ZOehjb^bhgu&O– fh`ghhij_^_eblvk ihfhsvxbhgh\$J+ beb3E2+.AgNO3 + NH4Cl ⇒ NH4NO3 + AgCl↓.Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NH4NO3.<uiZ^Zxl[_eu_hkZ^db[:gZeh]bqghhij_^_eyxlkybhguZffhgby 1++ \ kmevnZl_KmevnZlbhgu6242– hij_^_eyxlkyj_Zdpb_ck jZkl\hjhf<Z2+.<Z&O2 + (NH4)2SO4 ⇒ 2NH4Cl+BaSO4↓<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZoAZ^ZqZAZibr_fnhjfmeu\u^Zgguom^h[j_gbcoehjb^dZeby — KCl;ZffbZqgZyk_ebljZ — NH4NO3kmi_jnhknZl — Ca(H2PO4)2.KgZqZeZhij_^_ebf&D+2PO4)2>eywlh]h\havf_fba[ulhdjZkl\hjZs_ehqb923Ca(H2PO4)+12NaOH ⇒ Ca3(PO4)2↓+4Na3PO4+12H2H<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd< ijh[bjd_]^_gZoh^beZkvZffbZqgZyk_ebljZih^^_ckl\b_fs_ehqb\u^_ey_lky]ZaNH4NO3 + NaOH=NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O.Hij_^_ebfl_i_jv.&O>eywlh]h^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123 bebPb(NO3)2.AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl↓+KNO3,Pb(NO3)2+2KCl ⇒ PbCl2↓+2KNO3.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdAZ^ZqZIjhdZeb\Zyl\_j^uc1+4&Ofh`ghihemqblvqbklucZffbZdtNH4Cl ⇒ NH3↑ + HCl↑.IjbjZaeh`_gbbh[jZamxlky^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijh^mdlZIjhimkdZywlmkf_kvq_j_as_ehqvfuba[Z\ey_fkyhloehjh\h^hjh^ZHCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H2O.HklZ_lkyqbklucZffbZdBa1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 ZffbZdfh`ghihemqblv\kbevghs_ehqghckj_^_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NH3↑ + H2O+Na2SO4,NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaNO3.AZ^ZqZI_j\ZybhggZyj_Zdpbykhhl\_lkl\m_lj_Zdpbbg_cljZebaZpbbHCl+NaOH ⇒ NaCl+H2O,H++OH– ⇒ H2O.<lhjZybhggZyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_%D624;BaCl2+Na2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl; Ba2++SO42– = BaSO4↓.Ihke_^gyyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_$J&OAgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl+KNO3,Ag++Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓.AZ^ZqZJZkl\hjbff_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v\ dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehl_Cu+4HNOdhgp ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O.H[jZamxsbcky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl&X123)2.JZkl\hjbf&X2+2 \ +123:Cu(OH)2+2HNO3 ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2H2O.H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjgbljZlZf_^b,,93Ihemqbf&X123)2 q_j_aj_ZdpbxhkZ`^_gbyCuSO4+Ba(NO3)2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+Cu(NO3)2.H[jZam_lky[_euchkZ^hd_]hg_h[oh^bfhhlnbevljh\ZlvHklZ\rbckyjZkl\hj — Cu(NO3)2.IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 9.Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,9b bamq_gb__]h k\hckl\ JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\Ijb^_clk\bbkheyghcdbkehlugZf_ebebfjZfhjhgbjZkl\hjyxlkyijbwlhf\u^_ey_lky&22NhjfmeZf_eZbfjZfhjZ — CaCO3.CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O,KaCO3+2H+ ⇒ &Z2+ + CO2↑ + H2O.< ijh[bjd_k ba\_kldh\hc\h^hcijhbkoh^yl^\_ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_j_ZdpbbKgZqZeZijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZCa(OH)2+CO2 ⇒ CaCO3↓+H2O.AZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyCaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca(HCO3)2.Ca(HCO3)2 ²jZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hCaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca2++2HCO3–.IjbijhimkdZgbbKH2 q_j_a^bklbeebjh\Zggmx\h^mm]e_dbkeuc]ZaqZklbqghjZkl\hjy_lkyk h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghcdbkehluG2KH3.CO2+H2O ∅ H2CO3,DZddbkehlZ+2CO3 bf__ldbkemxj_ZdpbxihwlhfmeZdfmkhdjZkblky\ kbgbcp\_lJZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\GZf\u^Zgh\_s_kl\Z1D2SO4, ZnCl2, K2CO3, Na2SiO3.KgZqZeZijb[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OIjbwlhfj_Zdpbyihc^_llhevdh\ ^\moijh[bjdZoK2CO3+2HCl ⇒ 2KCl+H2O+CO2↑.2K+ +CO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ 2K++2Cl–+H2O+CO2↑.CO32–+2H+ ⇒ CO2↑+H2O.<u^_ey_lky]ZaNa2SiO3+2HCl ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2NaCl.2Na++SiO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2Na++2Cl–.SiO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2SiO3↓.94L_i_jv^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2K 1D2SO4 wlhljZkl\hj^Z_lhkZ^hdNa2SO4+BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl,2Na++SO42–+Ba2++2Cl– ⇒ BaSO4↓+2Na++2Cl–,Ba2++SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK jZkl\hjhf=Q&O2 gbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_=Q&O2>h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123qlh[uijh\_jblvwlh<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdZnCl2+2AgNO3 ⇒ Zn(NO3)2+2AgCl↓,Zn2++2Cl–+2Ag++2NO3– ⇒ Zn2++2NO3–+2AgCl↓.Cl–+Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓.<u\h^>eydZj[hgZlbhgh\dZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cy\ey_lkyj_Zdpbyk dbkehlhck \u^_e_gb_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZCO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2O+CO2↑.95Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmfIII.K\hckl\Zhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 10.Ihemq_gb_wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_l\u^_eylvky]Zat, H2SO4 (dhgpC2H4↑+H2O.C2H5OHDhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZaZ[bjZ_l\h^mbakibjlZb \j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkywlbe_gIjbijhimkdZgbbK2G4 q_j_a[jhfgmx\h^mihke_^gyyh[_kp\_qb\Z_lkyK2G4+Br2(aq) ⇒ C2H4Br2.Ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_wlbe_gZ[jhfghc\h^hcih^\hcghck\yabIh^dbke_gguci_jfZg]ZgZllZd`_hdbkey_lwlbe_gK2G4+12KMnO4+18H2SO4=10CO2+6K2SO4+12MnSO4+28H2O.JZkl\hj.MnO4 h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky Ih^h``_f \u^_eyxsbcky ]Za Hg ]hjbl yjdbf k\_lysbfkyieZf_g_fK2G4H2 ⇒ 2CO2+2H2O.tIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 11.Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbxb ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\GZfg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvljb\_s_kl\Z]ebp_jbgfgh]hZlhfguckibjlZev^_]b^]exdhamm]e_\h^H^ghcbaoZjZdl_jguoj_Zdpbc^eywlbo\_s_kl\y\ey_lky\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k &X2+2.KgZqZeZihemqbf]b^jhdkb^f_^b,,>eywlh]hd f_^ghfmdmihjhkm^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+CuSO4+2NaOH ⇒ KX2+2↓+Na2SO4.<uiZ^Z_l]hem[hchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^ZD h[jZah\Z\r_fmkyhkZ^dmijbev_fg_fgh]hZev^_]b^Zb gZ]j__fkf_kvRCOHt+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ R COOH+2CuOH↓G2H96Zev^_]b^]hem[hc`_eluc2CuOH ⇒ KX2O↓+H2Ot`_elucdjZkguc< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkydjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O.L_i_jvd &X2+2 ^h[Z\bfihdZieyf]ebp_jbgb kf_kv\a[helZ_fHkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyihemqZ_lkyjZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]hp\_lZH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dk]ebp_jbgZk f_^vx2 &+&+ 2+&+ 2+&X2+ &+ +22&+ 2+ &X2+⇒ &+ 22&+ +2+ &+&+ 2+=exdhaZihk\hbfobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\Zfy\ey_lkyZev^_]b^hkibjlhfl_hgZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zb Zev^_]b^h\bfgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\DZdZev^_]b^hgZ\klmiZ_l\ j_ZdpbboZjZdl_jgu_^eywlh]hdeZkkZ\_s_kl\\ qZklghklbijbgZ]j_\Zgbb\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk &X2+2 k h[jZah\Zgb_fdjZkghdhjbqg_\h]hhkZ^dZ&X2HDZdfgh]hZlhfguckibjl]exdhaZ^Z_ljZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]hp\_lZijb^h[Z\e_gbbd g_ck\_`_]hhkZ^dZ&X2+2.&+2+&+ &2++2W&X2+ ⇒&+t2+&+ &2+2+2GH&X2+↓2CuOH ⇒ Cu2O↓+H2O.<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O.>eyhij_^_e_gbylj_o^Zgguo\_s_kl\badZ`^hcijh[bjdb^h[Z\bfg_fgh]h&X2+2< ^\moijh[bjdZoh[jZam_lkyyjdhkbgbcjZkl\hj]exdhaZb ]ebp_jbgL_i_jvgZ]j__f\k_ljbkf_kb\ ^\moijh[bjdZo\uiZ^_ldjZkguchkZ^hdZev^_]b^b ]exdhaZLZdbfh[jZahffumagZ_f\ dZdhcijh[bjd_dZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blkyFZrbggh_fZkehkhklhbl\ hkgh\ghfbaij_^_evguom]e_\h^hjh^h\Z jZklbl_evgh_fZkeh ²ba`bjh\h[jZah\Zgguog_ij_^_evgufbdbkehlZfbJZklbl_evgh_fZkehh[_kp\_qb\Z_l[jhfgmx\h^mZ fZrbggh_²g_lZ>eyihemq_gbyijhklh]hwnbjZijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx^_]b^jZlZpbbwlbeh\h]hkibjlZK2G5HGt, H2SO4 (dhgpK2G5 ²H ²K2G5 G2HH[jZamxsbcwnbjgZau\Z_lky^bwlbeh\uf>ZggZyj_Zdpbyijhoh^blebrvijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byogZ]j_\Zgbb\ijbkmlkl\bb+2SO4b ijbba[uld_kibjlZ[>eyihemq_gbyZev^_]b^ZbakibjlZgm`ghbkihevah\ZlvkeZ[uchdbkebl_evgZijbf_j&X2+.97tC2H5OH+CuO ⇒ Cu+ CH3 CCH3 CO²mdkmkgucZev^_]b^OH+H2O;\Ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbbZev^_]b^Zh[jZam_lkydbkehlZHCH3 COHt+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O;H[jZam_lkymdkmkgZydbkehlZKZoZj ²wlhkeh`gh_hj]Zgbq_kdh_\_s_kl\hkh^_j`Zs__^hklZlhqgh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hm]e_jh^ZQlh[u^hdZaZlvwlh\havf_fg_fgh]hkZoZjZb ^h[Z\bfd g_fm+2SOdhgp.KZoZjih^^_ckl\b_fdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluhl^Zkl\h^mb ij_\jZlblky\ m]e_jh^H2SO4 (dhgpC12H22O1112C+11H2O.Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+2SO4 aZ[bjZ_l\h^mm kZoZjZ\ j_amevlZl_ihemqZ_lkyk\h[h^gucm]e_jh^q_jgh_\_s_kl\hZ>eyhij_^_e_gbydjZofZeZkms_kl\m_lohjhrZydZq_kl\_ggZyj_Zdpbyk bh^hfH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dkyjdhkbg_]hp\_lZDZig_fg_kdhevdhdZi_evjZkl\hjZbh^ZgZdZjlhn_evb [_eucoe_[?kebgZijh^mdlZoh[jZam_lkykbg__iylghlhhgbkh^_j`ZldjZofZe[>eyijh\_jdby[ehdZgZkh^_j`Zgb_]exdhauijb]hlh\bfg_kdhevdhdZi_evy[ehqgh]hkhdZ>h[Z\bfg_fgh]hkbg_]hhkZ^dZCu(OH)2?kebbkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl]exdhamlhkgZqZeZfuihemqbfkbgbcjZkl\hjbfucdhfie_dk]exdhaudhlhjucijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeh`blky^hdjZkgh]h&X2HZKgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZe^h[Z\b\d dZ`^hfmbalj_o\_s_kl\jZkl\hjbh^Z< ijh[bjd_k djZofZehfh[jZam_lkykbgbcdhfie_dk=exdhamhlkZoZjhaufh`ghhlebqblvaZkq_lZev^_]b^guok\hckl\H[Z\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfbfgh]hZlhfgh]hkibjlZghlhevdh]exdhaZh[eZ^Z_l_s_bk\hckl\ZfbZev^_]b^Z>h[Z\bf\ h[_ijh[bjdb&X2+2h[jZam_lkykbgbcjZkl\hjGhlhevdhijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk ]exdhahc\uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hd&X22l_ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_Zev^_]b^ghc]jmiiu[KgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZek ihfhsvxbh^ZH[jZam_lkykbgbcdhfie_dk98L_i_jvijh\_jbfdbkehlghklbjZkl\hjh\fueZb ]ebp_jbgZ=ebp_jbgbf__lkeZ[hdbkemxkj_^mZ fueh ²s_ehqgmx=ebp_jbglZd`_h[jZam_lk &X2+2 kbgbcjZkl\hjk\hckl\hfgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\ GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l[_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijbgZ]j_\Zgbbgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 12.JZkihagZ\Zgb_ieZklfZkkIjb\_^_f^ey^Zgguo\b^h\ieZklfZkkkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeuIhebwlbe_g ²KG2 — KG2 — ) n,Iheb\bgbeoehjb^ (— KG2 — KG — ) n ,KlIhebklbjhe (– CH2 – CH – )n ,N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gZykfheZOHOHCH2CH2CH2OHCH2CH2CH2nIjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 13.JZkihagZ\Zgb_\hehdhgAZibr_fkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeubkdmkkl\_gguo\hehdhg:p_lZlgh_\hehdgh [ – C6H7O2(OCCH3)3 – ]n .HKZijhg [– (KG2)5 — K — NH — ]n .EZ\kZg >±&±2O±&±2±&+ ±&+ ±H ±@Q .299IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 14.JZkihagZ\Zgb_fbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc< mq_[gbd_^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghijb\_^_ghhibkZgb_\k_ohiulh\Ihwlhfmijb\_^_febrv\hafh`gu_j_ZdpbbHij_^_e_gb_Zffhgb_\uofbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbct–⇒+NH4 +OHNH3↑+H2O.GZijbf_j1+4NO3+NaOH ⇒ NaNO3+NH3↑+H2O.Hij_^_e_gb_kmevnZlguom^h[j_gbcSO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.GZijbf_j(NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl.Hij_^_e_gb_oehjb^bhgh\Cl– + Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓.GZijbf_jKCl + NaCl + 2AgNO3 ⇒ KNO3 + NaNO3 + 2AgCl↓.Hij_^_e_gb_nhknhjguom^h[j_gbcPO43– + 3Ag+ ⇒ Ag3PO4↓GZijbf_jK3PO4 + 3AgNO3 ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ + 3KNO3.J_Zdpby$J123 k bhgZfb6242–:2Ag+ + SO42– ⇒ Ag2SO4↓.Hij_^_e_gb_dZj[hgZlh\CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑.GZijbf_jCaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑.t100.
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