ГДЗ-Химия-9-класс-Габриелян-2002 (991184), страница 3

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4Li + O2 = 2Li2O,/LHG G&O LiCl + H2O,5. Li2H G&O G2H + 2LiCl.1D12 2. Li2H G22 /L2G4. 2Li G2O = 2LiOH + H2↑,[1D→ 1D2 → 1D2→ 1D2+→ 1D621D321. 2Na + O2 = Na2O2;2. Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O;3. Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH;4. 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O;5. Na2O + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2O;6. 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O.<hijhk>ZghP1D ]ωijbf_kb %, W = 95 %GZclb: V(H2)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby01D P1Dijbf_kv±P1Dijbf_kv⋅ ωijbf_kb] ±] ⋅ ] ± 0,23 ] ]AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb]1D fhevF ]fhevP ]+21D2+oe+ fhev9 efhev9 eKhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f \h^hjh^Z dhlhjucl_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb] ²e] ²o e11, 27 ⋅ 22, 4x=e46Vl_hjG2 eHl\_l: Vl_hj(H2 eIhmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb\hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_ghVijZdG2) = Vl_jG2)⋅W = 5,488⋅ eHl\_l: VijZdG2 e21<hijhkK_fbwlZ`guc^hf ²i_jbh^bq_kdZylZ[ebpZih^t_a^s_ehqguof_lZeeh\ ²,]jmiiZwe_f_glh\\Za_ebgh\Zy©rm[Zªkihkh[ojZg_gbyeblbyih^keh_f\Za_ebgZLZd`_GZlZrZbkihevah\ZeZom^h`_kl\_ggucyaud^eyhibkZgbyb h[tykg_gbyobfbq_kdbok\hckl\/L\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zj_Zdpbyk dbkehjh^hf<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf \hafh`ghklv ih^mfZlv gZ^ wlbf kZfbf DZdl_fm^eykhqbg_gbyfh`gh\aylvhdjZkdmieZf_gbs_ehqguof_lZeeh\<hijhk<ajhkeucq_eh\_d\ kmldb^he`_gihlj_[eylvk ibs_c ] bhgh\dZebyKhklZ\bfijhihjpbx] dmjZ]b ²] dZebyo ]dmjZ]b ²] dZebyo ⋅ ]Hl\_lPdmjZ]b ]§ 12;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu<hijhkImklvfZkkZq_eh\_dZo d]Lh]^ZfZkkZ_]hdhkl_c[m^_ljZ\gZ⋅oZ fZkkZnhknZlZdZevpby — 0,2⋅0,2⋅o ⋅o d]PKZ3JH4)2) = 0,04⋅o]^_o ²fZkkZq_eh\_dZ<hijhk=_fhnbeby ²aZ[he_\Zgb_k\yaZggh_k iehohck\_jlu\Z_fhklvxdjh\bIjbdjh\hl_q_gbyo\\h^yljZkl\hj&D&O2 ^eyih\ur_gbydhgp_gljZpbbdZlbhgh\KZ2+ \ djh\bdhlhju_kihkh[kl\mxlk\_jlu\Z_fhklbdjh\b<hijhk>ZghPKZKH3 lωijbf_kb %.GZclbPKZHG2)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH3 [_aijbf_kbPKZKH3)=Ph[s⋅(1–ωijbf_kb 2⋅ (1–0,25)=2⋅ ⋅0,75=1,5⋅ ]2.

M(CaCO3 ]fhev0KZHG2 ]fhevKhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h ]Zr_ghcba\_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 106 ]22]fhev ²o ] ⋅ ⋅ o = 1,11 ⋅ ] lHl\_lPKZHG2 l<hijhk→→FKH FH FHG → 062 → 062WFKH3 FH KH2↑;FH G2H FHG2;FHG2 + Na2SO3 = MSO3 + 2NaOH;4. MSO3 + H2SO4 = MSO4 + SO2↑ G2HFh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgu%_0JG_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguKZ<Z<hijhk→ &D+ → &DHG → &D&2 → &D2 →&D&O → &D32KD &D2KZ G2 = KZG2;KZG2 G2H KZHG2 G2↑;KZHG2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH;tKZKH3 = KZH + KH2↑;KZH + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O;6. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl;7. Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑;tKZ H2 = KZHKZH G2H KZHG2.t<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbfDZd l_fm ^ey khqbg_gby fh`_f ij_^eh`blv ©Ij_\jZs_gb_f_lZeebq_kdh]hKZ\ fjZfhjª<hijhk>ey]bikh\uoih\yahdbkihevamxlZe_[ZkljHgijb^h[Z\e_gbb\h^uij_\jZsZ_lky \ ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl ^eygZeh`_gbyih\yadbFZkkZ\ukuoZ_lb ij_\jZsZ_lky\ l\_j^ucijhqguc]bikIhem\h^guc]bikbebZe_[Zklj&D624)⋅H22ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbk \h^hch[jZam_l^\m\h^guc]bik(2CaSO4)⋅H2O + 3H2O⇒2CaSO4⋅2H2O.23WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk \u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ<hijhkKZKH 3∅KZH KH2↑–Q.>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^\_klbl_iehl_mkeh\b_fijh\_^_gbyy\ey_lky\ukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZbihgbablv^Z\e_gb_<hijhk§ 13:exfbgbc< Zexfbgb_\hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZkl\hjuldijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑.Ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_Zexfbgby\ s_ehqb<hijhkKdhj__\k_]hfZl_jbZehf^ey]bi_j[hehb^Zfh]ihkem`blv$O2O3baaZ_]hbg_jlguok\hckl\<hijhk;_g]Zevkdb_k\_qbkh^_j`Zlkf_kvkhklhysmxbaZexfbgb_\uohibehdhdbkebl_ey — KNO3 beb.&O24 b de_yIjbih^`b]Zgbbihy\ey_lkykghibkdjB^_lhdbke_gb_Zexfbgby8Al .KO24 = 4Al2O3 + 3KCl.t<hijhkIjbf_g_gb_Zexfbgby\ l_ogbd_hkgh\ZghgZke_^mxsbok\hckl\Zoe_]dhklvieZklbqghklv[hevrZywe_dljhijh\h^ghklvbl_iehijh\h^ghklvK ^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbZexfbgbch[jZam_lijhqgu_kieZ\u<hijhkZ$O2(SO4)3+6KOHg_^=2Al(OH)3↓D2SO4;Al3+HG–g_^=Al(OH)3↓[$O2(SO4)3+8KOHba[ D>$O2+4@D2SO4;Al3+HG–ba[=[Al(OH)4]–.<hijhk23451Al Al(OH)3 Al2O3 NaAlO2 → AlCl3 →→→→5678Al2(SO4)3 Al(OH)3 AlCl3 NaAlO2.→→→→1.

2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑;2. AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl;Al3+ + 3OH– → Al(OH)3;24$O − H → $O + H → + t3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O↑;kieZ\e_gb_W4. Al2O3 + 2NaOH2NaAlO2 + H2O↑;=t5. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 4H2O;6. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOHg_^=3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓;Al3+ + 3OH– = Al(OH)3;Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O;7. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O;8. AlCll\ + 4NaOHl\kieZ\e_gb_W=NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O↑.<hijhk>ZghPkieZ\Z ]ω(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %.GZclb: VijZdG2)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby\ kieZ\_P:O PkieZ\Z±PkieZ\Z⋅ω(Cu) = 0,27–0,27⋅ ]AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucl_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvkyP ]$O fhevF ]fhevP ]1D2++21D>$O2+@ + fhev9 efhev9 e] ²e] ²o ⋅ o eVl_hjG2 eGZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdbVijZdl G2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅: e⋅ eHl\_l: VijZdl G2 e<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf k\h[h^m ^ey l\hjq_kl\Z Ij_^eZ]Z_f \ dZq_kl\_l_fu ^ey khqbg_gby ©:exfhl_jfby beb [hjv[Z Zexfbgby k ^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbª§ 14@_e_ah<hijhkAZibr_fkgZqZeZko_fm]_g_lbq_kdbo jy^h\1) Fe→FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→FeO;252) Fe→FeCl3→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3;)H+&O⇒)H&OG↑FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl;Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓;tFe(OH)2 = FeO + H2O↑.J_ZdpbxjZaeh`_gbygm`ghijh\h^blv\ hlkmlkl\bbhdbkebl_e_c)H&O⇒)H&OFeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl;Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓;t2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O.<hijhk1) 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2:3FeSO4 + 2K3 >)H&1 @ = 3K2SO4 + )H>)H&1 @ ↓ ;]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,,`_e_aZ,,djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev2) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3:4FeCl + 3K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ] = Fe 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ↓ ;`_elZydjh\ygZykhev3) Fe3+ + 3NCS–Fe(NCS)3:FeCl3 + 1D1&6jh^Zgb^gZljby∅<hijhkDZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H2+:]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,`_e_aZ,,,)H1&6jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,,+ 3NaCl.3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl;3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓K3[Fe(CN)6] ²djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev)H3[Fe(CN)6]2 ²lmjg[mee_\ZkbgvDZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H3+:4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl;4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓K4[Fe(CN)6] ²`_elZydjh\ygZykhev)H4[Fe(CN)6]3 ²[_jebgkdZyeZamjv26GZa\Zgb_djh\yguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gbyJZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^h\gZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZ\eb\Zebbadjh\b©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdh\jZkl\hjh\khe_cLmjg[mee_\Z khev ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ \ q_klv mq_gh]hLmjg[meydhlhjuc__ \i_j\u_kbgl_abjh\Ze ;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZa\ZgZ\ q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg<hijhk3Fe + 4H2O ∅ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑.Ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]Zah\H2O ²]Za<hijhk)H → )H&O → )H2+ → )H2+ → )H2 → )H)H&O1.

Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑;Fe0 – 2 H → Fe2+;2H+ + 2 H → + ;Fe2+ + 2OH → Fe(OH)2↓;2. FeCl2 + 2KOH = Fe(OH)2↓ + 2KCl;3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3↓;t4. 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O;t5. Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑;)HH → )H → & & H6. Fe2O3 + 6HCl=2FeCl3 + 3H2O;Fe2O3 + 6H+ → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O;7.

2FeCl3 + 3Zn=3ZnCl2 + 2Fe↓;2Fe3+ + 3Zn → 3Zn2+ + 2Fe8. FeCl3 + 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓;Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3↓.<hijhk1. 10Fe + 36HNO3 = 10Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2↑ + 18H2O.27)H − H )H11 H2. Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑ + 2H2O)H − H )H 1 H 1 3. 8Fe + 30HNO3 = 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O)H − H )H−1 H 1<hijhk>Zgh: m(Fe3O4 lωijbf_kb %, W = 80 %.GZclb: ν(Fe), V(CO)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kbm(Fe3O4)=m(Fe3O4 ij – m(Fe3O4 ij⋅ωij ±⋅0,05=2,204lAZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbP l)H2 fhevF ]fhevP ][e&2\]W fhev9 efhev9 e)H fhevF ]fhevP ]+ &2 GZc^_f9&2b P)H] ²e2,204⋅ ] ²o eo ⋅ ⋅ 9&2 e] ²]2,204⋅106 ²m ]m e ⋅ ⋅ = 1,596⋅106 ]GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqb\r_]hkygZijZdlbd_m(Fe) = y⋅W = 1,596⋅106⋅0,8 = 1,2768⋅ ]m(Fe)1, 2768 ⋅106 ]=fhevν(Fe) =M(Fe)56 ]fhevHl\_l: ν(Fe) = 2,28 ⋅ 104 fhevV(CO) = 8,5 ⋅ 105 e<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f\Zfk\h[h^m^eyl\hjq_kl\Z28=eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu§ 15G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu_\_s_kl\ZDbkehjh^hahg\ha^mo<hijhkZ'\ha^H2) =320 U 2 =≈1,1;0 U \ha^29['\ha^KH2) =\'\ha^G2) =440 U &2 =≈1,52;0 U \ha^2920 U + =≈0,069.0 U \ha^29<hijhk>Zgh9\ha^ eη\ha^(N2) = 78,2 %,η\ha^H2) = 20,95 %.GZclb: ν(N2), νH2)J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH2 b 12:V(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2 e⋅ eV(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2 e⋅ eGZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\V (O 2 )e=νH2) =≈ fhev efhevVνν(N2) =V( N 2 ) e=≈ fhev efhevVνHl\_l: νH2 fhevν(N2 fhev<hijhk>Zgh9\ha^ eGZclb: N(O2), N(N2)J_r_gb_<ujZabfh[t_fdZ`^h]h]ZaZV(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2); V(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2)GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\νH2)= 92 = 9\ha^ ⋅ ηH = e ⋅ fhev efhev9ν9ν9\ha^ ⋅ η1 e⋅=ν(N2) =fhev9νefhevGZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^h]h]ZaZ29N(O2) = νH2)⋅NA = 0,2095⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 1,26⋅1023.N(N2) = ν(N2)⋅NA = 0,782⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 4,7⋅1023.Hl\_l122) = 1,26⋅1023 fhe_dmeN(N2) = 4,7⋅1023 fhe_dme<hijhk>Zgh: V(H2S) = 20 f3 = 20⋅103 eGZclb9\ha^P\ha^J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb+ 62+ fhev fhev9 ]fhev 9 efhev9 e9 e= + 262 ↑GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbbe ²e2⋅104 e ²o e2 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 67 ,2o = 3⋅104 e44 ,8GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]hh[t_fZdbkehjh^ZV(\ha^ V (O 2 ) = ⋅ e = 1,43⋅105 e f3.

η \ha^ (H 2 )m(\ha^ Mr(\ha^⋅ν\ha^ Mr\ha^⋅ 9\ha^ =9ν= 29 efhev⋅ ⋅ e = 1,85⋅105 ] d]efhevHl\_l: V\ha^ f3, m\ha^ d]<hijhkLjm^ghij_^klZ\blvgZrm`bagv[_adbkehjh^ZHgkem`blij_`^_\k_]h^ey^uoZgbyJZkl\hj_gguc\ \h^_dbkehjh^kem`bl^ey^uoZgbyh[blZl_e_c\h^ghckj_^uIh^^_ckl\b_fdbkehjh^Z\ha^moZb [Zdl_jbcijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbohklZldh\< ijhfure_gghklb dbkehjh^ ijbf_gy_lky \ f_lZeemj]bb ijb\uieZ\d_ f_lZeeh\ dZd hdbkebl_ev \h fgh]bo obfbq_kdboijhba\h^kl\Zo^eyk\Zjdbb j_adbf_lZeeh\\ f_^bpbgkdbop_eyo@b^dbcdbkehjh^ ²hdbkebl_ev^eyjZd_lguolhieb\hoeZ^bl_ev<hijhkHahgh\u_^ujuihy\eyxlkybaaZ\u[jhkh\\ Zlfhkn_jmoeZ^Z]_glh\nj_hgh\hdkb^h\ZahlZdhlhju_h[jZamxlky\hfgh]boijhfure_gguoijhp_kkZo>ey ij_^mij_`^_gby hahgh\uo ^uj g_h[oh^bfh hqbsZlv \u[jhkuijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcb ij_djZlblvbkihevah\Zgb_ nj_hgh\30Hahgh\u_^uju ²mlhgvr_gb_bebjZajmr_gb_hahgh\h]hklehyZlfhkn_ju§ 16Obfbq_kdb_we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uohj]Zgbafh\<hijhkJZaebqb_ f_`^m `b\hc b g_`b\hc ijbjh^hc h[gZjm`b\ZxlkylhevdhgZmjh\g_keh`guo\_s_kl\gZfhe_dmeyjghf mjh\g_<hijhkLZdb_\_s_kl\ZoZjZdl_jgulhevdh^ey`b\uohj]Zgbafh\gZijbf_jhj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z[_edb`bjum]e_\h^ugmde_bgh\u_dbkehlu\blZfbgu]hjfhgub ^j<hijhk;bh]_ggu_fZdjhwe_f_glu ²we_f_gludhlhju_\oh^yl\ khklZ\hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\Wlhm]e_jh^\h^hjh^dbkehjh^b Zahl<hijhkWg^_fbq_kdbcah[dZdba\_klgh\uau\Z_lkyg_^hklZldhfbh^Z\ibs_b \h^_WlhaZ[he_\Zgb_ihy\ey_lky\ hij_^_e_gguo]_h]jZnbq_kdbojZchgZo^eydhlhjuooZjZdl_j_gg_^hklZlhdbh^ZWg^_fbdb ²wlhjZkl_gbybeb`b\hlgu_dhlhju_\klj_qZxlkylhevdh\ h^ghfhij_^_e_gghfZj_Ze_Wg^_fbdbjZkl_gbygZijbf_jebZguwg^_fbdb`b\hlgu_gZijbf_jdhZeZmkkmjbckdbclb]j<hijhkN_jf_glu ² wlh [_edb dhlhju_ dZlZebabjmxl [bheh]bq_kdb_j_Zdpbb<blZfbgu ² wlh [bheh]bq_kdb_ Zdlb\gu_ \_s_kl\Z ijbgbfZxsb_mqZklb_ \ j_Zdpbyo h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ Ih k\h_fm [bheh]bq_kdhfm^_ckl\bx \blZfbgu [ebadb d n_jf_glZf gh n_jf_glu h[jZamxlkyde_ldZfbhj]ZgbafZZ \blZfbguh[uqghihklmiZxlk ibs_c<hijhk@_e_auIh^`_em^hqgZy`_e_aZ=bihnbaGZ^ihq_qgbdb=hjfhguBgkmebg:DL=Nmgdpbb]hjfhgh\Kgb`_gb_]exdhau\ djh\b>_ckl\m_lgZgZ^ihq_qgbdbkihkh[kl\m_lbonmgdpbb:^j_gZebgMqZklb_\ klj_kkhjguoj_ZdpbyoGhjZ^j_gZebg m\_ebq_gb_qZklhluk_j^_qguokhdjZs_gbc31Sblh\b^gZy`_^_aZLbjhdkbg< ^_lkdhf\hajZkl_ ²jZa\blb_g_j\ghckbkl_fu\h\ajhkehf\hajZkl_ ²ih\ur_gb_h[f_gZ\_s_kl\§ 17=Zeh]_gu<hijhk>Zgh: V(F2) = V(Cl2 eGZclb: m(F2); m(Cl2); D\ha^(F2); D\ha^(Cl2); DH 2 (F2); DH 2 (Cl2)J_r_gb_: 1.

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