ГДЗ-Химия-9-класс-Габриелян-2002 (991184), страница 7
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+&2+ $J2→ +&nhjfZev^_]b^2+& &X2+→ +K+nhjfZev^_]b^22+2+$J↓fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ2&X2↓ +22+fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ222) &+ & $J2→ &+ &$J↓+2+&+ &Zp_lZev^_]b^2+&X2+ → &+ &Zp_lZev^_]b^mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ22+KXH↓ GHmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ<hijhkJ_Zdpby©k_j_[jygh]ha_jdZeZªfh`_lijbf_gylvky^eyihemq_gbylhgdh]hgZe_lZk_j_[jZgZdZdhf-gb[m^vij_^f_l_beb^eyihemq_gbya_jdZe.<hijhkIj_^eZ]Z_f\Zfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf<hijhk23wlZg mdkmkgucZev^_]b^→ wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl →4→ mdkmkgZydbkehlZKG3±KG3→G2 KG2 KG2J_Zdpby^_]b^jbjh\ZgbyKG2 KG2 G2H→K2G5HGJ_Zdpby]b^jZlZpbb2KG±KGHG >2@→ &+ &GH J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby+22&+ & $JH→ &+ &$J↓ J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby2++k_j_[jyggh]ha_jdZeZ§ 38Ij_^_evgu_h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehluKeh`gu_wnbju<hijhkI.
GKHHG + Mg = (CHOO)2Mg + H2↑.662) GKHHG + MgO = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O.3) GKHHG + Mg(OH)2 = (CHOO)2Mg + 2H2O.4) GKHHG + MgCO3 = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O + CO2↑.II. 1) Mg + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2↑.2) MgO + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O.3) Mg(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O.4) MgCO3 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + CO2 + H2O.<hijhkKeh`guc wnbj ihemqZ_lky \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ^_]b^jZlZpbb f_`^mdbkehlhc b kibjlhf j_Zdpby wl_jbnbdZpbb GZa\Zgb_ wnbjZh[jZam_lky iml_f h[t_^bg_gby ^\mo ijbeZ]Zl_evguo i_j\h_ ² hlgZa\Zgbydbkehlu\lhjh_²hlgZa\ZgbykibjlZ<hijhk<hijhk+&2+2 ²&+ +& 2 &+ GH2+2fmjZ\vbghf_lbeh\uc wnbj>eylh]hqlh[ukf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_\ j_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ijZ\hgm`gh\\_klb\ kbkl_fm\h^hhlgbfZxs__\_s_kl\hgZijbf_jdhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlm<hijhkKG3KHHG + Cl2 → KG2ClKHHG + HCl oehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZKG2ClKHHG + Cl2 → KGCl2KHHG + HCl ^boehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ.KGCl2KHHG + Cl2 → KCl3KHHGHCl ljboehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ.<hijhkwlZg → wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl → mdkmkgucZev^_]b^123→ mdkmkgZydbkehlZ → mdkmkghwlbeh\uckibjl45oehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZt, p→ KG2 KG2 G2↑.KG3±KG3 KG2 KG2 G2H→KG3±KG2HGKG3KG2HG + [O]→ CH3 C4.
CH3 COHOHG2H+ Ag2H→KG3KHHG + 2Ag↓.KG3KHHG K2G5HG→CH3 COOC 2 H5 + G2OKG3KHHG + Cl2→KG2ClKHHG + HCl.67§ 39@bju<hijhk& +&+ &+ &+ K G KHHG & +2+2+2+2&2&+& + 2+ 2& + &22&& + 2<hijhk>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ijZ\hgm`ghh[_ki_qblvm^Ze_gb_\h^ubakbkl_fu<hijhkC H2OCC 17 H 31OCHOCC 17 H 31C H2G2→ C HOOOCH2<hijhkOCOCC 17 H 35OCC 17 H 35OC 17 H31C H2OCC 17 H 35OK17G35KHHNa + CaSO4 ⇒ K17G35KHH2KZ↓ + Na2SO4.<hijhk@bju y\eyxlky \Z`ghc qZklvx ibs_\h]h jZpbhgZ < hj]Zgbaf_ijhbkoh^bl ]b^jheba `bjh\ dhlhju_ jZks_ieyxlky gZ ]ebp_jbg b`bjgu_ dbkehlu g_dhlhju_ ba gbo y\eyxlky g_aZf_gbfufb ld g_fh]mlkbgl_abjh\Zlvky \ hj]Zgbaf_q_eh\_dZDZd b ^jm]b_ iblZl_evgu_ \_s_kl\Z `bju ijbgbfZxl mqZklb_ \ieZklbq_kdhf b wg_j]_lbq_kdhf h[f_g_ Bo hdbke_gb_ ijb\h^bl d\uk\h[h`^_gbx ]hjZa^h [hevr_]h dhebq_kl\Z wg_j]bb q_f hdbke_gb_[_edh\b m]e_\h^h\Djhf_lh]h`bjufh]mlgZdZieb\Zlvky\ hj]Zgbaf_h[jZamy mgb\_jkZevgh_ ^_ih wg_j]_lbq_kdb p_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZIhklmiZxsb_ \ hj]Zgbaf \ ba[ulhqghf dhebq_kl\_ m]e_\h^u b qZklv[_edh\ fh]ml ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky \ `bj qlh ijb\h^bl d jhklm _]hhleh`_gbc Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb aZiZk_gguc lZdbf h[jZahf `bj fh`_lij_\jZsZlvky \ ]ebdh]_g b bkihevah\Zlvky \ j_Zdpbyo m]e_\h^gh]hh[f_gZ68§ 40:fbghdbkehlub [_edb<hijhkFhe_dmeuZfbghdbkehlkh^_j`Zl^\_nmgdpbhgZevgu_]jmiiuH2N — Zfbgh]jmiimb COOH— dZj[hdkbevgmx]jmiimihwlhfmZfbghdbkehluijhy\eyxlk\hckl\ZdZdZfbgh\lZdb dZj[hgh\uodbkehl<hijhkJZaebqb_f_`^mj_Zdpbyfbihebdhg^_gkZpbbb ihebf_jbaZpbbaZdexqZ_lky\ lhfqlh\ i_j\hcj_ZdpbbgZjy^mk ihebf_jhfh[jZam_lkygbadhfhe_dmeyjgh_\_s_kl\hqZs_\k_]h\h^Z\j_Zdpbbihebf_jbaZpbbh[jZam_lkylhevdhihebf_j<hijhkN_jf_glu±wlh[bheh]bq_kdb_dZlZebaZlhjuHgbij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc[_edbN_jf_gluhlebqZxlkyhlg_hj]Zgbq_kdbodZlZebaZlhjh\\ukhdhcwnn_dlb\ghklvxb ki_pbnbqghklvx^_ckl\by<hijhk1+&+ &25>++ @ Q+2 ⇒ Q1+ &+ &22Q5=b^jheba[_edh\ih^^_ckl\b_fdbkehlbebs_ehq_ce_`bl\ hkgh\_ijhp_kkZibs_\Zj_gby<hijhk1234K2G6 → K2G5HG → KG3KHG → KG3KHHG →→ KG2KlCOOH → CH–NH2–COOH → ihebi_ilb^4W356K2H6 ⇒ CH2 = CH2 + H2; CH2 = CH2 + H2O → K2H5OH;2.
K2H5OH + [O] → CH3COH + H2O;3. CH3COH + Ag2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag↓;4. CH3COOH + Cl2 → CH2ClCOOH + HCl;5. CH2ClCOOH + 2NH3 → CH2NH2COOH + NH4Cl;6. Q&+1+&22+1+&+ &52QQ+2§ 41M]e_\h^u<hijhk>Zgh: νK6G12H6 fhevωK2G5HG %.GZclb: mkibjlZ69J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbK6G12H6 → 2K2G5HG + 2CO2↑.BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhauihemqZ_lkyfhevwlbeh\h]hkibjlZihwlhfmνK2G5HG ⋅νK6G12H6)=2⋅fhev fhev2. mK2G5HG νK2G5HG⋅MK2G5HG fhev⋅]fhev ]Lh]^ZmkibjlZ mK2G5HGωK2G5HG ] ]Hl\_lmkibjlZ ]<hijhk>Zgh: mG2H d]GZclb: V(O2)J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbKH2 G2H → K6G12H6 H2.BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev\h^uihemqZ_lkyfhevdbkehjh^Zihwlhfm ⋅ P+ 2== 2⋅104 fhevνH2) = νG2H 0+ 2]fhevLh]^ZVH2)=νH2)⋅Vν=2⋅104 fhev⋅efhev ⋅104 e f3.Hl\_lVH2 f3.<hijhk+&+2++2+2+2+2+<hijhk=exdhaZ2+&+±&±2+2+±&±++±&±2+++2&+2++2++2+t+2++nH2O ⇒ nQH++2+& + 2 ++22+++2++2+DZd \b^gh ba nhjfmeu ]exdhau hgZ bf__l Zev^_]b^gmx]jmiim b kibjlh\mx ]jmiim ±HG < wlhf b aZdexqZ_lky^\hckl\_gghklv]exdhauOOCHC]jmiiZ:— dZj[hdkbevgZyOHOHOC²Zev^_]b^gZy]jmiiZ+±&±2+ ]jmiiZ; ]jmiiZH&+2+FmjZ\vbgmxdbkehlmfh`ghgZa\ZlvZev^_]b^hdbkehlhc.<hijhkFhe_dmeZdjZofZeZbf__ljZa\_l\e_ggh_kljh_gb_ihoh`__gZk_ldmZ fhe_dmeZp_eexehaubf__lkljh_gb_p_ihqdbghbofhghf_jhfy\ey_lky]exdhaZ70<hijhk=exdhaZijbf_gy_lky\ f_^bpbg_b ibs_\hcijhfure_gghklb ijbijhba\h^kl\_ a_jdZe KZoZjhaZ \ ibs_\hc ijhfure_gghklb DjZofZe ² \ ibs_\hc l_dklbevghc [mfZ`ghc iheb]jZnbq_kdhcijhfure_gghklyo P_eexehaZ ijbf_gy_lky ^ey ihemq_gby [mfZ]bobfbq_kdbo\hehdhgieZklfZkkihjhoZeZdh\<hijhk<hijhk<hijhk§ 42Ihebf_juQ&+Q &+&+&O ⇒&+ &+ ⇒&+&+&O Q&+&+&+ Qihebijhibe_gBkdmkkl\_ggu_\hehdgZba]hlZ\eb\Zxlbaijbjh^guoihebf_jh\ij_`^_\k_]hbap_eexehauKbgl_lbq_kdb_\hehdgZ\ujZ[Zlu\Zxlbakbgl_lbq_kdboihebf_jh\<hijhkHklZ\ey_fwlhl\hijhk^eykZfhklhyl_evgh]h bamq_gby<j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbbihebdhg^_gkZpbb ihemqZxln_henhjfZev^ _]b^gmxkfhem<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhfkZfbf71Ijbeh`_gb_<hijhk1H[sZydeZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbcZ ω NaNO ( N) =14Mr ( N)= 16,5 %.=Mr ( NaNO 3 ) 85282Mr(N)[ ω( NH ) SO ( N ) === 21,2 %.Mr((NH 4 ) 2SO 4 )1322 ⋅ Mr ( N)28\ ω1+ 12 1 === 35 %.Mr ( NH 4 NO 3 )80GZb[he__dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh_ m^h[j_gb_NH4NO3.34 24<hijhkZ ω.12 .
2 =Mr(K 2 O)94== 46,5 %.2Mr(KNO3 )202Mr ( N) = 14 = 14 %.ω.12 1 =101Mr (KNO 3 )282Mr ( N)[ ω1+ +32 1 === 21,2 %;132Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4142Mr (P2 O 5 )&1+ +32 32 === 53,8 %.2642Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 42823 ⋅ Mr(K 2 O)\ ωK 3PO 4 (K 2 O) === 66,5 %.4242Mr(K 3 PO 4 )142ωK 3PO 4 (P2 O 5 ) = Mr ( P2 O 5 ) == 33,5 %.4242Mr ( K 3 PO 4 )<hijhk.G_\k_m^h[j_gbyfh`ghkf_rb\Zlv^jm]k ^jm]hf2NH4NO3 &D2G2 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ G2H:ffbZd\us_eZqb\Z_l ihq\m<hijhk< khklZ\_\_s_kl\h[jZamxsbode_ldb\k_o`b\uohj]Zgbafh\h[gZjm`_gh[he__we_f_glh\Wlbwe_f_gluijbgylh^_eblvgZ^\_]jmiiufZdjh- b fbdjhwe_f_gluFZdjhwe_f_glu kh^_j`Zlky \ de_ldZo \ [hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo <i_j\mx hq_j_^v wlh m]e_jh^ dbkehjh^ Zahl b \h^hjh^ < kmff_ hgbkhklZ\eyxl ihqlb \k_]h kh^_j`bfh]h de_ldb Ba gbo khklhyl \72hkgh\ghf [_edb `bju m]e_\h^u gmde_bgh\u_ dbkehlu \blZfbgu]hjfhgub ^jFbdjhwe_f_glukh^_j`Zlky\ wlbo\_s_kl\Zo\ g_agZqbl_evguodhebq_kl\Zo\k_]hbol_fg_f_g__bojhev\ ghjfZevghc`bag_^_yl_evghklbhj]ZgbafZh]jhfgZGZijbf_jkh_^bg_gby[hjZfZj]ZgpZpbgdZdh[ZevlZj_adhm\_ebqb\Zxlmjh`Zcghklvhl^_evguok_evkdhohayckl\_gguojZkl_gbcb ih\urZxlbokhijhlb\ey_fhklvd jZaebqgh]hjh^ZaZ[he_\ZgbyfQ_eh\_db `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlgm`gu_bffbdjhwe_f_gluq_j_ajZkl_gbydhlhjufbiblZxlky<Z`gmxjhev\ `bagbjZkl_gbcb]jZxlK, N b JdZebc\oh^bl\f_`de_lhqgmx`b^dhklvZahl ²\ Zfbghdbkehlunhknhjg_h[oh^bf^eyihkljh_gbyde_lhd\oh^bl\ khklZ\gmde_bgh\uodbkehl<hijhkIhq\uKbpbebbbkihevah\Zeb^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguop_e_c\l_q_gb_fgh]boe_l< j_amevlZl_ihq\ZmljZlbeZk\hxieh^hjh^ghklvijhbahrehbklhs_gb_a_feb>eyij_^hl\jZs_gbywlh]hg_h[oh^bfh_`_]h^gh\ghkblv\ ihq\mm^h[j_gby<hijhkDjm]h\hjhlZahlZ\ ijbjh^_:ahlkms_kl\m_l\ ijbjh^_\ \b^_kh_^bg_gbckh^_j`Zsboky\ihq\_bebjZkl\hj_gguo\ fbg_jZevguo\h^ZoLZd`_Zahl\oh^bl\ [_edh\u_fhe_dmeudhlhju_y\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbqZklyfbde_lhdldZg_chj]ZgbafZQ_eh\_dihemqZ_l[_edbZ \f_kl_k gbfbb ZahlbajZklbl_evghc b`b\hlghc ibsb `b\hlgu_ \ k\hx hq_j_^v ihemqZxl bo lZd`_ bajZkl_gbc;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf_xl hkh[u_ [Zdl_jbb dhlhju_ `b\ml \dem[_gvdZo gZ dhjgyo [h[h\uo jZkl_gbc Wlb [Zdl_jbb k\yau\Zxlk\h[h^guc Zlfhkn_jguc Zahl l_ ij_\jZsZxl _]h \ kh_^bg_gbydhlhju_fh]mlmk\Zb\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbBajZkl_gbcb `b\hlguoihke_bokf_jlbZahlkgh\Zi_j_oh^bl\ ihq\m73: a h l \ h a^ m o Z= j h au; Zdl_jbbihq\u= gb_gb _= hj_gb_: a h l j Z k l _ g b c b` b\hlgu o= gb_gb _J Z ae h ` _ g b _[Zdl_jbyf bJ Z ae h ` _ g b _[Zdl_jb yf b: a h l f h j yI blZgb_jZkl_gbc< u f u \Zg b_\h^hc: a h l i h q \ uM ^h[j_gbyDjm]h\hjhldZebyb nhknhjZ\ ijbjh^_Nhknhj b dZebc kms_kl\mxl \ ijbjh^_ \ \b^_ kh_^bg_gbckh^_j`Zsboky \ ihq\_ beb jZkl\hj_gguo \ ijbjh^guo \h^Zo Baihq\uwlbwe_f_gluba\e_dZxlkyjZkl_gbyfbZ `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlbok jZklbl_evghc ibs_c Ihke_ hlfbjZgby jZklbl_evguo b `b\hlguohj]Zgbafh\ nhknhj b dZebc kgh\Z i_j_oh^yl \ ihq\m LZdhkms_kl\ey_lky djm]h\hjhlnhknhjZb dZeby\ ijbjh^_@b\hlgu_JZkl_gbyIhq\ZM^h[j_gbyDZebcgu_bnhknhjhkh^_j`Zsb_fbg_jZeub ihjh^uM^h[j_gby^eylh]hqlh[ug_aZ]jyagylv\h^h_fufhjyb hd_Zgu^he`guohjhrh\iblu\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbb g_hklZ\Zlvky\ ihq\_e_]dhjZaeZ]Zlvkyb jZkl\hjylvky\ \h^_<hijhkIeh^hjh^b_ ihq\u aZ\bkbl g_ lhevdh hl dhebq_kl\Z iblZl_evguo\_s_kl\ gh lZd`_ hl \h^h b \ha^mohijhgbpZ_fhklb ihwlhfm ohjhrZyiZohlZlZd`_g_h[oh^bfZdZdb \g_k_gb_m^h[j_gbc74<hijhk2Obfbq_kdZyf_ebhjZpbyihq\CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.G_jZkl\hjbfucdZj[hgZldZevpbyjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehlZo<hijhkJ_dhf_g^m_lkyihke__^uihqbklblvam[ubebih`_\Zlv`_\Zl_evgmxj_abgdm^eylh]hqlh[ug_cljZebah\Zlvkj_^m`_em^dZkexghc<hijhkCaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.6l100Hl\_lgm`gh\g_klbd]CaCO3.m(CaCO3) = 4l]Z⋅<hijhkCaCO3⋅MgCO3 + 4H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O.3:ahlgu_dZebcgu_b nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby<hijhkCa3(PO4)2 ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\ \h^_\_s_kl\hihwlhfm_]h\ghkyl^hihk_\Zld\ wlh\j_fy\eZ`ghklvihq\u[hevr_<hijhkCa3(PO4)2 — nhknhjblgZyfmdZ ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hihwlhfmhgh©mk\Zb\Z_lkyªihq\hc^ebl_evgh_\j_fy<hijhkNhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby\ [hevrbgkl\_k\h_ffZehjZkl\hjbfu_\_s_kl\Zke_^h\Zl_evghbojZkl\hj_gb_aZgbfZ_l^he]bci_jbh^DZebcgu_`_m^h[j_gby ²ohjhrhjZkl\hjbfu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfmhgb[ukljhmk\Zb\Zxlkyihq\hc<hijhkHl\_lgZwlhl\hijhk_klv\ \hijhkub <hijhk>Zgh: VjjZ e ]m(HNO3) ]m(Ca×(NO3)2)=10]GZclb: ω\ jj_(K2O), ω\ jj_(N), ω\ jj_(P2O5)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebwe_f_glh\750 U .
294== 46,5 %.0 U .12 202140 U 1ωKNO 3 ( N) === 14 %.0 U .12 101280 U 1ωCa ( NO3 )2 ( N) === 17 %.0 U &D12 1640 U . 294ω KH 2PO 4 (K 2 O) === 34,6 %.0 U .+ 32 2720 U 32 142ω KH 2PO4 (P2 O 5 ) === 52,2 %.0 U .+ 32 272GZc^_ffZkkudhfihg_glh\m(N) = m(KNO3)⋅ω(N) + m(Ca(NO3)2)⋅ω(N) = 2,5⋅0,14 + 10⋅0,17 == 0,35 + 1,7 = 2,05 ]m(P) = m(K2HPO4)⋅ω(P2O5) = 2,5⋅0,522 = 1,305 ]m(K)=m(KNO3)⋅ω(K2O)+m(KH2PO4)⋅ω(K2O)=2,5⋅0,465+2,5⋅0,346=2,0275 ]3. GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebdhfihg_glh\m( N)ω(N) ==m(j − jZ ) + m(KNO 3 ) + m(Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 + m(KH 2 PO 4 )ωKNO (K 2 O) =3== 0,2 %.2,0275m( K )== 0,2 %.m(h[s)10151,305m( P )ω(P) === 0,113 %.m(h[s)1015Hl\_l: ω(N) = 0,2 %; ωJ) = 0,13 %; ω(D %.ω(K) =<hijhk>Zgh: ωkf_kb (J2H5) = 0,2.GZclb: ωKZG2JH4)2)J_r_gb_Kmi_jnhknZlijhklhckhklhblbaCa(H2PO4)2 b CaSO4.m(P2 O 5 )xAgZqblωJ2H5) === 0,2.m(kf_kb)yo ⋅m]^_m ²fZkkZkf_kbm(Ca ( H 2 PO 4 ) 2 )2.
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