Л.Ш. Атабаева - Английский язык. Технические факультеты и специальности (1254789), страница 23
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Fiber optics belongs to both applied science and engineering and is concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permitstransmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths than otherforms of communications.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires becausesignals travel along them with less loss, and they are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination. Speciallydesigned fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers etc.BOptical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especiallyadvantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagatesthrough the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. Thisallows using few repeaters over long distances. For short distance applications, such as creating a network within an office building, fiber-optic cabling can be used to save space in cable ducts.
This is because a single fibercan often carry much more data than many electrical cables. Fiber is alsoimmune to electrical interference. There is no cross-talk between signals indifferent cables and no pickup of environmental noise. They can also beused in environments where explosive fumes are present, without danger ofignition.130CFibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some applications, the sensor is itself an optical fiber.
In other cases, fiber is used to connect a nonfiberoptic sensor to a measurement system. Depending on the application,fiber may be used because of its small size, or the fact that no electricalpower is needed at remote location. Optical fibers can be used as sensorsstrain, temperature, pressure and other quantities by modifying a fiber sothat the quantity to be measured modulates the intensity, phase, polarization,wavelength or transit time of light in the fiber. Sensors that vary the intensity of light are the simplest, since only a simple source and detector are required.
A particularly useful feature of such fiber-optic sensors is that theycan, if required, provide distributed sensing over distances of up to onemeter.DFibers are widely used in illumination applications. They are used aslight guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to beshone on a target. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlightfrom the roof to other parts of the building.
Optical fiber illumination is alsoused for decorative applications, including signs, art, and artificial Christmas trees. Swarovski boutiques use optical fibers to illuminate their crystalshowcases( витрины ) from many angles while only employing one lightsource. Optical fiber is an intrinsic (существенный) part of the lighttransmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon.EOptical fibers can be used in many other applications. For example, inimaging devices called endoscope, which is used to view objects through asmall hole.
In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are used to transmit lightfrom a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition.An optical fiber with certain rare-earth (редкоземельный) elements canbe used as the gain medium of a laser or optical amplifier. Sometimes it isused to supply a low level of power (around 1 watt) to electronics situated ina difficult electrical environment. Examples of this are electronics in highpower antenna elements and measurement devices used in high voltagetransmission equipment.Thus we see that the application of optical fiber is enormous and, no doubt,it will increase with further development of engineering.131Comprehension5.4.
Read the text again and match the subtitles with the correspondingparts of the text.1. Fibers in illumination2. Other uses of optical fibers.3. Fiber optic sensors.4. Optical fiber communication.5. Optical fibers and their advantages over electric cables.5.5. Find the answers to the following questions in the text.1. What is an optical fiber? (A)2. What are the advantages of optical fibers? (A)3. Due to what positive features are optical fibers used for long- andshort-distance communications? (B)4.
What physical quantities (величины) сan be measured by optical fibers used as sensors?(C)5. What principles are these measurements based on? (C)6. Where can optical fibers be used for illumination? (D)7. What do you know about other areas of optical fiber applications? (E)Writing5.6. Write a short essay on the advantages of using optical fibers (60 –80 words).132Compiled by Vashtaeva L. I. (Units 3–5), Gamm A. E. (Units 1–3),Golysheva M. D.
(Units 1–3, 5)MODULE VIIIPower Engineering FacultyUnit 1Vocabulary1. automation.2. electric shop3. heat energy4. high voltage5. hydraulics6. hydroenergy7. industrial enterprise8. insulation9. occupational safety10. Power engineering11. Power plant12. Power supplyaвтоматизацияэлектроцехтепловая энергиявысокое напряжениегидравликагидроэнергиязаводизолирующий материалтехника безопасностиэнергетикаэлектростанция; двигательэнергообеспечениеBefore you read:1.1. a) Tell your groupmates about the reasons why you’ve decided toenter this faculty but not another one.b) What do you already know about your faculty (history, traditions, the main directions of training, etc.)? Share your ideas with yourgroupmates.1.2.
Read the text and do the exercises given below.POWER ENGINEERING FACULTYPower engineering faculty was set up in 1962. The Faculty offers a multi-level specialist education scheme that provides training at associate, undergraduate, graduate and professional diploma levels.133The first four years of study at the Faculty are spent on earning theBachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in power engineering. The programmerequired for the Bachelor's degree includes general education in engineering disciplines and a field of specialization usually called a major or coresubject.
Along with a major there may be a number of related areas ofstudy referred to as minor subjects. Those areas in which students are permitted to select subjects of interest are referred to as elective courses.Research-oriented students holding the B.Sc. degree may undertake atwo-year programme with emphasis on theoretical and applied researchleading to the Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in power engineering. Thedegree of M.Sc. is awarded to candidates who successfully complete theprogramme and pass examinations followed by the submission of a project,report or thesis. Another opportunity for professional career-oriented students is a 5.5 – year programme of study culminating in awarding the Diploma in power engineering.
Graduates holding the M.Sc. degree or the Diploma in engineering wishing to follow a more scientific career may prefer toundertake a postgraduate programme in the area of specialization.Many of the teaching and research staff members working at the Faculty are known for their academic and scientific accomplishments. Qualified and competent professors (Doctors of Science), associate professors(Candidates of Science), assistant professors and instructors contribute tothe education of students. Research and instruction at the Faculty is supported by well-equipped instructional laboratories at the University and byspecialized laboratories at related power engineering institutions.
The Faculty computation facilities include computer classes equipped with personal computers having an access to the Internet and printers. The libraryprovides a full range of services, both internally and via the Universitycomputer network.Structure of courseInstruction consists of formal lectures, tutorials, seminars, laboratorywork, individual study in libraries and a project. Each student has a supervisor for his/her research project. This project may be carried out within theFaculty, or in close collaboration with industry.The Power Engineering Faculty offers students the following programmes licensed by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation:1.
Power engineering economics and management.2. Heat power plants.3. Electric power plants.4. Electric power systems and networks.1345.6.7.8.Power supply.High voltage electrical and power engineering.Relay protection and automation of electric power systems.Human and occupational safety.Comprehension1.3. Put the headings in the logical orderA. Earning the Bachelor of Science degree.B. The programmes of the Power Engineering Faculty.C.
The academic staff and facilities.D. General information.E. After holding the B.Sc. degree.1.4. Say if the following statements are true or false.1. Power engineering faculty was set up in 1967.2. The first five years of study at the Faculty are spent on earning theBachelor of Science degree.3. The programme required for Bachelor‟s degree includes only coresubjects.4. After holding the B. Sc. Degree students can continue their training.5. To be awarded the Diploma in power engineering one needs 5.5years.6. The students do research work on their own.7. Students can lead their research only in the well-equipped laboratories of the University.8.
The Power Engineering Faculty offers 6 directions for students‟ training.Grammar revision1.6. Make up 6 questions of different types (general, special, alternativeand disjunctive) to the text. Ask your groupmates.1.7. Find as many participles as you can in the fourth passage. Put themdown into two columns (Participle I and Participle II). Make wordcombinations of your own.135Unit 2Before you read:2.1. a) Discuss the role of power engineering in modern life.b) Imagine that you are telling your friend about the managementdepartment.
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