Л.Ш. Атабаева - Английский язык. Технические факультеты и специальности (1254789), страница 19
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Every time a bit is added to the width of the106address bus, the address range doubles. In 1985, Intel`s 386 processor had a32-bi address bus, enabling it to access up to 49B of memory. The Pentiumprocessor – introduced in 1993-d).____________________.In the late 2000 IBM and German semiconductor company InfineonTechnologiesAG announced plans to collaborate in the development of MagneticRandom Access Memory (MRAM)-a breakthrough memory technologythat could significantly increase battery life of portably computing devicesand lead to “instant-on” computers. Since MRAM also retains informationwhen power is turned off, e).__________________________, withoutwaiting for software to “boot up”. Nonvolatility also means reduced powerconsumption.
Since it will not need constant power to keep the data intact.MRAM could consume much less than established random access memorytechnologies, extending the battery life of cell phones, handheld devices,laptops and other battery powered products.The technology could represent a serious threat to the various siliconbased memory chips towards 2010.Vocabulary1. versatile – многосторонний2. exploitation – эксплуатация3. predominant – преобладающий, доминирующий4. to enable – давать возможность5.
breakthrough – крупное достижение, прорыв6. instant- немедленный7. to retain- удерживать, сохранять8. intact – неповрежденный, целый9. RAM (random access memory) – ЗУ с произвольной выборкой10. ROM (read-only memory) – постоянное ЗУ11. scratch pad- сверхоперативная память12. cache- «кэш» память, сверхоперативная память13. nonvolatility- энергонезависимостьVocabulary development4.3. Match the words (A) with he definitions (B)AB1. to attacha. a situation or activity that could cause harm ordanger2.
amountb. to get information, especially from a computer1073. threat4. capability5. to access6. breakthroughc. the ability to do somethingd. an important new discovery or achievementthat comes after a lot of hard worke. to connect one machine or piece of equipmentto anotherf. a quantity of something4.4. Fill in the gaps with the words from 4.3.1. Any contract made under ______________ of violence is not legal.2.
The database allows you ______________ the sales figures in a number of ways.3.Scientists predict a major ______________ within the six months.4. He _______________a color printer to his computer.5. The University provides student with some ______________of resources and equipment.6. These calculations are beyond ________________ of even the mostadvanced computers.Grammar revision4.5. Complete the following sentences using the correct forms of theverb in brackets.1.
Never before man………. (to possess) a tool comparable to a computer.2. Access time ……………. (to be) simply the time it (to take) to reador write at any storage location.3. Quantum Science Research group …………. .(to create) the highestdensity electronically addressable circuit.4. Semiconductor memories ……………. (to be) extremely versatileand highly compatible with other electronic devices.5. In the early 1970`s semiconductor memory cells that served the samepurpose as cores …………. (to develop).6.
The core memory (to become) the main internal computer memory.7. In the early1950`s the core memory (to replace) these early devices.4.6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the –ing forms.1. Associative memories can be used for compiling, job assignment andparallel processing.2. The computer spends a goodly amount of its time doing exactly this:performing math operations and translating information from one form toanother.1083. RAM, wherein each memory word is accessed for reading or writingvia a specific address.4. Programmable ROMs can be written using special equipment.5.
Some applications require random access memories containing permanently stored or rarely altered information.6. A read-only memory can be obtained by replacing the storage capacitor in a one transistor memory cell with either an open circuit or a connection to ground, thus representing one or the other of the two binary states.7. This memory is read and written by entirely electronic means, butbefore a write operation all the storage cells must be erased to the same initial state by exposing the packed chip to ultraviolet radiation.8. Should an error occur for any reason during the running of the program, the program terminates by indicating what the error number is.9.
The data and address memory cells together record one word ofcashed data and its corresponding address in main memory.10. With the development of integrated circuits the first trend towardlarge-scale integrated circuits was the development of scratch pad memoriesusing bipolar transistors.Speaking4.7. Speak on new developments in sphere of television and broad castingUnit 5Before you read5.1. Answer the questions1. Have you heard anything about nanotechnology?2. Do you know the meaning of the prefix “nano”?3. Do you know its origin?4.
Where and how can nanotechnologies be applied?5. What is known about the affect of nanotechnologies on the environment?6. Can you interpret the title of the article?5.2. Read the text109NANOTECHNOLOGY: HOW THE SCIENCE OF THE VERYSMALL IS GETTING VERY BIG(written by Mario Ritten)The history of nanotechnology begins in the 1950s and 1960s.
Nanotechnology gets its name from a measure of distance. A nanometer, or nano, is one-thousand-millionth of a meter. This is about the size of atomsand molecules. Nanotechnologies work with materials this small. Manyexperts credit the idea to physicist Richard Feynman. In ninety fifty-nine,this Nobel Prize winner gave a speech. He called it “There‟s Plenty ofRoom at the Bottom”.
In his lecture he described how the entire Encyclopedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin. The term nanotechnology was suggested later by Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo University ofScience. The prefix “nano” comes from the Greek word “nanos”, meaning“dwarf”, i.e.
very small.Nanotechnology is defined as the science and technology of buildingelectronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules, or thebranch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers.Nanomaterials.Nanomaterials – materials having unique properties arising from theirnanoscale dimensions can be stronger or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in a different way. They can even change colour; particles of gold canappear red or blue, depending on their size.
These special attributes are already used in manufacturing computer chips, CDs and mobile phones. Researchers are progressively finding out more about the nanoscale world andaim to use nanotechnologies to create new devices that are faster, lighter,stronger and more efficient.Is nanotechnology good or bad?Although nanotechnology is exciting, there are reasons for concern. Astudy by NASA researchers found that nano-particles caused severe lungdamage to laboratory mice.
Other studies suggest that nano-particles couldsuppress the growth of plant roots or could even harm the human body‟sability to fight infection.The Environment protection Agency says that as there is not muchknown about the affect of nano-structures on the environment, the governments need to develop rules for their usage.110Vocabulary1. measure (n) – мера (длины, поверхности и т.д.)2. measure (v) – измерять3. measurement – измерение4. about (adv) – приблизительно5. to credit the idea to smb. – приписывать идею к-л.6. physicist – физик7.
at (the) bottom – фактически8. head of a pin – кончик иглы (головка булавки)9. dwarf – очень маленький10. property – свойство11. arise (arose, arisen) (v) – возникать12. conduct (v) – проводить (тепло, электричество)13. particles – частицы14. appear (v) – появляться15. depend on (v) – зависеть от16. specific attributes – характерные черты17. find out (v) – узнавать18. aim (v) – стремиться19. device – прибор20. exciting – захватывающий21. reasons for concern – причины для беспокойства22. cause (v) smth.
– вызывать ч.-л., приводить к ч.-л.23. lung damage – поражение легких24. severe – тяжелый (заболевание)25. suppress (v) – подавлять26. affect (v) – влиять на27. harm (v) – наносить вред, ущерб28. environment – окружающая среда29. need + inf. – нужно что-то делать30. to develop rules – разработать правила (законы)Comprehension5.3. Answer the following questions.1. What things does nanotechnology deal with?2. When did Feynman make his speech?3.
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