Л.Ш. Атабаева - Английский язык. Технические факультеты и специальности (1254789), страница 25
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in case ofsome breakdown at a power station. Electric power must be generated at themoment it is consumed. Such complicated tasks can be solved only with thehelp of modern means of automation and telecontrol, based on microelectronics and computer technology.Engineers of this speciality elaborate and improve means of automationand algorithms for its functioning; they provide optimum operation of automatic control systems of power plants, substations and electric power systems. The graduates have thorough knowledge of physics, mathematics,electronics, relay defense and other subjects which ensure a wide profile oftheir education.
They also can conduct some actual research work.140What is Electrical Energy System Engineering?Electrical Energy Systems Engineering (EESE) is a branch of ElectricalEngineering which deals with all aspects of supply, control and use ofelectrical energy.Energy is vital to modern life: for powering industry and transport;providing heating and lighting; and operating the domestic, recreational,healthcare, business and personal items of equipment on which we havecome to rely.Electrical energy is one of the most important forms of energy because itcan be:– Derived (converted) from other energy forms such as heat, light,chemical energy, mechanical work, nuclear energy.– Easily derived in large or small amounts– Controlled– Clean, quite and safe when used correctly.The need for electrical energy continues to increase as it replaces otherforms for space heating, industrial processes and road\rail\sea transport.
It isvital that this energy is made available at the minimum cost to our planet'sresources and the environment. The challenge for engineers is to supply theenergy and save the planet.Comprehension:3.4. Find the English equivalents from the text tot he words and theword combinations given below:Электроэнергетика; энергетическая промышленность; энергетический баланс государства; острая потребность в специалистах по технике высоких напряжений; высоковольтное оборудование; электрическаямощность; современные средства автоматизации и телеконтроля; предоставление тепла и света; потребность в электроэнергии; снабжатьэлектроэнергией.3.5. Expand on the following:1.
Power engineering is the basis for the whole national economy.2. There is an acute need for specialists in high voltage technique.3. It is important to train specialists in operation, design, constructionand adjustment of thermal stations power equipment.4. Engineers graduating from the Electric systems automatic control department are very highly-qualified specialists.5. The challenge for engineers is to supply the energy and save the planet.141Grammar revision3.6. Look through the text above and find sentences with the verbs inthe Passive Voice.3.7.
Open the brackets and put the verb in the Passive Voice.1. Electric power (to generate) by several types of power stations.2. Complicated tasks (to solve) by students who do research work.3. Modern means of automation and telecontrol (to base) on microelectronics and computer technology.4. High-voltage devices (to use) in power and electrical engineering.5. Master's Degree (to receive) after six years of training.6. Systems of telecontrol (to develop) successfully.7. Necessary knowledge and skills (to acquire) at the Faculty of PowerEngineering.Speaking3.8.
Work in pairs. Make up dialogues on the topic “The Future ofPower Engineering Faculty Graduates”.Unit 4Before you read4.1. Discuss with your partner exhaustible energy sources. Answer thequestion: “For how long will they be able to exist?”4.2. Read the text and answer two questions asked in it.RENEWABLE ENERGY.By Kent S. Markle.When you plug an electrical appliance into the wall socket, do youknow where your electricity comes from? Probably the local public utilitycompany.
But how does the utility company generate the electricity you useat home? If it is like most power companies, it produced electrical power byburning fossil fuels – coal, natural gas, or oil – to make steam, which turnsturbines to generate electricity at the power plant. To take one example ofdependence on these three types of fossil fuel, in the United States in 2004,14288 percent of all the electricity generated came from coal, natural gas, andoil. They are non-renewable fuels, originating from organic matter of thelate Paleozoic Era (several hundred million years ago) and estimated bymost scientists to run out during this century. When coal, natural gas, andoil supplies are depleted, how will people see to read at night? What willpower their computers and factories? Fortunately, there are renewable,alternative sources of energy for electrcity and transportation that have welldeveloped technology.Some renewable energy sources are well known and already in wideuse.
For example, hydroelectric power is generated by water in dams. In theU.S., hydroelectric power provides 10 percent of all electricity. Other alternative sources of energy are not well known to the public or are still in thedevelopment stages. The World Energy Council has identified six sourcesof energy to pursue as alternatives to non-renewable fossil fuels:Solar (energy from the sun)Wind (energy from moving air)Geothermal (energy from heat inside the earth)Modern biomass (energy from plant and animal residues)Ocean (energy from seawater movement and temperature changes)Small hydroelectric (energy from small dams, such as those filled bymelting snow)It is worth pointing out why large hydroelectric (large dams that blockrivers) and traditional biomass (firewood and charcoal) were excluded fromthe Council's focus.
These two renewable sources of energy often cause environmental problems and other adverse effects. Large hydroelectricprojects usually require long planning and construction, which delays theirbenifit, and sometimes results in social problems, such as displacement ofpeople living near rivers that are dammed. Traditional biomass (burningtrees) results in air pollution and deforestation. A combination of these sixother alternative sources of energy may prove to be our best hope to fill theenergy void created as supplies of fossil fuels gradually diminish.Speaking4.3.
Enumerate renewable energy sources. Dwell upon the ones which,in your opinion, are the most perspective in our country. Prove yourideas.143Unit 55.1. Read and summarise the text using the tips given below.HISTORYSince the early days of Industrial Age, industries and utility companieshave relied on a variety of different sources of power. The Danes were pioneers in wind-generated electricity, building over 100 systems (called "windmills") in 1890 to capture the North Sea winds.
Coal was the fuel of choicefor steam-powered engines, which were widely used in manufacturing andtransportation. In fact, in the 1890s, more electric- and steam powered carswere sold than those using gasoline.The world's first geothermal electric plant was built in Italy in 1904.Surprisingly, photovoltaic (solar) cells were built as early as the 1880s, butit wasn't until Bell Labs developed silicon cells in 1954 that solar cells couldbe used efficiently. In 1958, the Vanguard satellite was equipped with solarphotovoltaic cells.The world's first power plant using the ocean's tides was built in Francein 1966.The global energy situation began to change significantly in the secondhalf of the century.
For example, in the U.S. from 1950 to 1995, coal virtually disappeared as a heating source for homes. By 1995, natural gas wasused for heat in over 50 % of U.S. homes, and electricity was used in 27%of them. In about the same time frame, per capita electricity consumptionrose by over 1,000 %. Widespread ownership of energy-hungry appliancessuch as air conditioners, refrigerators, and clothes dryers contributed to thishuge growth in energy consumption, while individual automobile ownershipcreated a heavy demand for new petroleum supplies. By 1958, the U.S. hadbegun to consume more fuel of various kinds than it was produced.
Oil prices per barrel rose from about $5 in the 1960s to over $17 in October 1973,and further production limitations caused the price to rise to about $34 in1981.By the mid-1980s, geologists and other scientists began to make predictions about how long the world's petroleum supplies would last. By estimating future rates of oil consumption, then taking into account the amount ofpetroleum reserves, they calculated that supplies could last between 50 and100 years longer.144Nuclear power, which had once been the energy hope of the future, nolonger seemed so attractive after accidents at Three Mile Island in the U.S.in 1979 and Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union in 1986 changed the public's perception of its safety.
France has continued to operate nuclear plantsfor 75% of its electricity, with a good safety record, however, other countries have scaled back plans for building nuclear generating facilities, andthe disposal of spent radioactive fuel remains a problem.HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY1. Read the passage for overall content.2. Reread carefully, highlighting the main idea and any key supportingideas.3. Group the reading into sections according to the author‟s topic divisions and label them.4. Write a one-sentence summary of each section, focusing on the mainpoint. Do not include examples or minor details.5. Write one sentence (the thesis) that summarizes the whole article.6.
Write the first draft: In the first sentence include the title and the author of the text.7. Then use your one-sentence summaries to complete the summary. Donot include your own opinion, but be sure to use your own words.8. In your final draft, insert transitional words and phrases where necessary. Avoid short sentences. Combine sentences for a smooth, logical flowof ideas.Other useful information:Use 3rd person and present tense.Be concise and brief.Periodically indicate that the summary is still the material of the author.Quote the author sparingly, if at all.Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes.TRANSITIONAL WORDS FOR SUMMARYA. Introductory remarks.It is generally agreed today that...In approaching this issue, oneshould...Nowadays, it is scarcely possible to...The business world offers usnumerous examples of...145B. Ordering elementsFirstly,.../ Secondly,.../ Finally,...
(note the comma after all these introductory words.)If on the one hand it can be said that... the same is not true for...The firstargument suggests that... whilst the second suggests that...C. Adding elementsFurthermore, one should not forget that...In addition to...Moreover...D. Accepting other points of viewNevertheless, one should accept that...However, we also agree that...E.
Personal opinionWe personally believe that...Our own point of view is that...F. Others' opinionsExperts...... believe that... say that... suggest that... are convinced that... point out that... emphasise thatAccording to some experts...G. Introducing examplesTake for example...To illustrate this point one needs only refer to...H.
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