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4. The resulting function implies the activity of delivering the goods in the right amount at a certain time and place with the required quality at the lowest possible costs. The criterion for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of logical functions is the achievement of the ultimate goal of logistical activities.

For logistical systems, an important factor is an ability to respond quickly to market changes, as well as to consider various changes in the external environment. These changes in the external environment may include changes in supply and demand for goods and services, equipment breakdown, changes in road and rail tariffs, the introduction or disabling of certain transport channels, and changes in loan rates.

Structurally, a logistical system consists of subsystems, units and elements.

Subsystem of a logistical system is the set of elements and units of the logistical system, selected in accordance with the organizational structure, which allows to solve the problems of the logistical administration of the system as a whole and / or the management of the complex of logistical functions in a separate business area.

There are two main complexes of subsystems: functional and providing (figure 4).

Subsystems of a logistical system

Functional

Providing

Figure 4 – Subsystems of a logistical system

Unit of a logistical system is an economically and / or functionally separate object that is not subject to further decomposition in the framework of the task of analyzing or synthesizing a logistical system and performing a local objective function.

The main units of a logistical system are:

- various forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms;

- differences in the nature and purpose of the operation;

- differences in production capacity, level of concentration of production, used technological equipment, consumed resources;

- dispersal of technical means and manpower on a large territory;

- extraterritoriality and high mobility of means of transport;

- dependence of the results of activity on a large number of external factors and adjacent links, etc.

Units of a logistical system can be of three main types: generating, transforming and absorbing material and associated information and financial flows (figure 5). Often there are mixed units of a logistical system, in which the three main types of units are combined in different combinations. In units of logistical system, material (information, financial) flows can converge, branch out, split, change their content, parameters, intensity, etc.

Units of a logistical system

Generating

Transforming

Absorbing

Figure 5 – Units of a logistical system

Let us distinguish the following concept in a logistical system as an element of a logistical system - an integral part of the unit of a logistical system (subsystem), within the framework of the task of management or design.

The allocation of an element of a logistical system is caused by the need to isolate an operation or a combination of them in order to optimize resources, build an enterprise model or its structural units, model business processes, assign a specific operator or technical device to an operation, create a system for recording, monitoring a logistical plan.

Thus, having carried out a theoretical study of the main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "logistical system", and also considering different points of view of the authors, it can be concluded that a "logistical system" is a broad concept that covers the aggregate of the company's structural divisions, consumers and logistical intermediaries. Logistical system has a number of properties, consists of subsystems, elements and units, and performs certain functions. The main functions of a logistical system are operational ones, connected with the direct management of the movement of material values in the sphere of supply, production and distribution, and coordination, the essence of which is to coordinate supply and demand for the goods.

1.2 Types of logistical systems

Many scientists divide logistical systems into macro-logistical, micro-logistical and meso-logistical (figure 6).

Types of logistical systems

Macro-logistical

Micro-logistical

Meso-logistical

Figure 6 – Types of logistical systems

Macro-logistical system is a large material management system covering enterprises and organizations of industry, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. Macro-logistical system is a certain infrastructure of the economy of the region, country or group of countries, created to solve socio-economic, environmental, military and other tasks of this kind, while the extraction of profit is not the main goal of the system.

Within the framework of macrologistics, the links between individual micro-logistical systems are established on the basis of commodity-money relations. Subsystems also function inside a micro-logistical system.

Table 2 shows three types of logistical systems, allocated at the level of macro-logistics.

Table 2 - Types of macro-logistical systems

As can be seen from table 2, the material flow in macro-logistical systems can pass from producer to consumer both through intermediaries, and directly.

Macro-logistical systems can be classified according to the following criteria:

1. The following types of logistical systems are distinguished according to the administrative-territorial division of the country: district ones; inter-district; city; regional; interregional; republican and inter-republican.

2. On the object-functional basis, macro-logistical systems are singled out for a group of enterprises of one or several branches, departmental, sectoral, interdepartmental, military, institutional, etc. In Western practice, the concept of global macro-logistical systems, which include state (transnational) systems, formed at the level of the country as a whole, interstate systems covering several countries, and transcontinental systems created within several continents is often used.

Goals of the creation of macro-logistical systems can differ to a great extent from goals and criteria for constructing micro-logistical systems.

Criteria for the formation and optimization of macro-logistical systems, in addition to commercial ones, may include social, scientific, political, environmental and other goals. For example, to improve the environmental situation in the region, a macro-logistical system for optimizing transport (freight) regional flows can be created, the main objective of this system is to optimize routes, distribute traffic flows, switch traffic from one mode of transport to another, and so on. In macro-logistical systems, such tasks as the formation of inter-branch material balances can also be solved, placing on the given territory warehouse, cargo terminals, dispatching (logistics) centers, etc.

Micro-logistical systems are subsystems, structural components of macro-logistical systems. These include various industrial and commercial enterprises, industrial clusters. Such systems are a class of intralogistical systems, composed of technologically related productions, united by a common infrastructure.

Functions of micro-logistical system:

- procurement and implementation of the plan of supply in accordance with the needs of production;

- impact on specific logistical processes in the environment;

- implementation and control of marketing plan, etc.

Types of micro-logistical systems are presented in table 3.

Table 3 – Types of micro-logistical systems

End of table 3

As can be seen from table 3, distinguish between internal, external and integrated micro-logistical systems.

The general structure of a micro-logistical system can function as an integrated, external or in-house logistical system, depending on the degree of coverage of basic logistical operations and system goals.

Economic activities of the state are usually called macroeconomics. The same concept is used to characterize the economic activities of groups of states united by close economic ties (trade union, single currency, customs union, etc.).

During the last decades in economically developed countries and in the world practice as a whole, there is a process of structuring large groups of enterprises into conglomerates connected by a single logistical system. Conglomerates are corporations of financial and industrial groups, they usually include a large bank and there is a combination of financial and industrial capital.

These corporations can be national, covering one country, and transnational, i.e. uniting the economic activities of several countries. The economic activity of such organizations forms the region of the middle level of the economy, i.e. mesoeconomics.

Mesologistics is mainly informational in nature. The higher the level of the logistical system, the more information flows and fewer material flows. The corporate logistical system is a management system built in such a way that each level has only the information that it needs. The instrument of mesologistics is mainly global computer networks.

Thus, having considered the main types of logistical systems, it can be concluded that macro-logistical systems are large systems of material flow management, certain infrastructure of the regional economy, country or group of countries. The structural components of the macro-logistical systems are the micro-logistical systems, which represent a class of intra-production logistic systems. Meso-logistical systems, in turn, cover the field of economic activity of corporations, both national and transnational, and, mainly, are of an informational nature.

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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЕМОЙ АРЕНДАТОРОМ В АРЕНДУЕМЫХ ПОМЕЩЕНИЯХ

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