Управление логистической системой предприятия (1215280), страница 12

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Раздел 1.1. – 1.2.

«ПОНЯТИЕ И СУЩНОСТЬ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ.

ВИДЫ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ»

1.1. The concept and essence of a logistical system

The concept of a logistical system is one of the basic concepts of logistics. The system as such is a self-sufficient structure created with a certain purpose by nature or a person, consisting of interrelated elements that exists relatively independently and that is stable, developed and improved under the influence of the external environment.

A system is a set of elements interconnected with each other and forming a certain integrity, unity. There are some main properties that the objects must possess in order to be considered as a system.

There are various systems that ensure the development of economic processes. Therefore, it is worth to consider logistical systems.

The most common definition in the domestic literature is that a logistical system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistical operations and functions. As a rule, it consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment.

Introduction of the concept of "logistical system" has a constructive significance, as it allows the introduction of logistics on the basis of a systematic approach and system analysis. The system approach involves considering all elements of the logistical system as interconnected and interacting to achieve a single goal of management. A distinctive feature of the system approach is the optimization of the functioning of individual logistical systems rather than separate elements, as a result of which the so-called synergetic effect is manifested.

Table 1 presents the main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "logistical system".

Table 1- Definitions of the essence of the concept of "logistics system"

End of table 1

Thus, having considered various approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "logistical system", it can be concluded that all authors agree that the logistical system is a relatively stable set of structural (functional) divisions of the company, as well as suppliers, consumers and logistic Intermediaries interconnected by major and / or associated flows and united by a unified management to implement a strategic (tactical) logistical plan.

Logistical system has the defining properties (figure 1), that are characteristics of any system as well, but specified in terms of logistical tasks.

Integrity and jointness

Integrative qualities

Organization of the totality of elements

Properties of a logistical system

Complexity

Interconnection of elements

Hierarchy

Emergence

Structuredness

Figure 1 – Properties of a logistical system

1. Integrity and jointness. Elements of a logistical system should work as a single unit for the realization of the potential ability to unite and work together.

2. Interconnection of elements. There are certain organizational, technological and production links between elements of a logistical system.

3. Organization of the totality of elements. If certain organizational influences aimed at achieving integrity are applied to the elements of the logistics system, the potentialities of these elements to form interrelations and unite in a single whole are embodied in the real system.

4. Integrative qualities. The property lies in the fact that a logistical system as a whole shows the qualities by which each of the elements of material and information flows, united in a logistical system, does not individually possess. This property is expressed as follows: "the effect of the sum exceeds the sum of the effects".

5. Complexity of a logistical system. This property is characterized by such key features as:

- the presence of a large number of elements (links);

- multifactor character of interaction between separate elements;

- the content of the functions performed by the system;

- structure of organized management;

- the impact on the system of an indefinite number of stochastic factors of the external environment.

6. Hierarchy. This property implies the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level within the framework of linear or functional logistic management.

7. Emergence. It is a property of a system to perform a specified objective function, realized not by separate links or subsystems of a logistical system, but only by a logistical system as a whole.

8. Structuredness. Assumes the existence of a certain organization of the structure of a logistical system, which consists of interrelated objects and management subjects that ensure its decomposition.

The purpose of a logistical system is to deliver goods and products in the right quantity and assortment, to a certain place, as much as possible prepared for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs (the implementation of a logistics mix).

Tasks of a logistical system can be divided into general and private. Achieving maximum effect with minimal costs is the main global task of logistics. Modeling of logistical systems and factors of their functioning are also referred to global tasks.

General tasks of a logistical system include:

- creating a system for regulating material and information flows;

- forecasting of possible volumes of production, transportation, warehousing;

- definition of inconsistency between the need and the ability to implement it in production;

- identification of the demand for the product, developed and promoted within a logistical system;

- organization of pre-sale and after-sales services.

Particular tasks differ in a narrower direction and include:

- creation of minimum stocks;

- maximum reduction in the storage time of finished products;

- reduction of transportation time.

Logistical function is an autonomous component of logistical operations, which are aimed at solving the problems put forward both before a logistical system and before its links. In accordance with modern logistical tasks, there are two types of its functions: operational and coordination (figure 2).

Functions of a logistical system

Operational

Coordination

Figure 2 – Functions of a logistical system

Operational nature of the functions is related to the direct management of the movement of material values in the sphere of supply, production and distribution and, in its essence, differs little from the functions of traditional material and technical support.

Operational functions include:

1. Functions in the supply sphere:

- management of the movement of raw materials and materials;

- management of the movement of individual parts or stocks of finished products from the supplier or the point of their acquisition to manufacturing enterprises, warehouses or trade vaults.

2. Functions in the field of production:

- inventory management, including control over the movement of semi-finished products and components through all stages of the production process;

- moving finished products to wholesale warehouses and retail outlets.

3. Distribution management functions. These functions cover the operational organization of final product flows from the manufacturing enterprise to consumers.

Functions of logistical coordination are:

- identification and analysis of requirements for material resources of different phases and parts of production;

- analysis of markets in which the enterprise operates and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets;

- processing of data relating to orders and customer needs.

The following functions of a logistical system are also distinguished from the basic positions: system-forming, integrating, regulating, resulting (figure 3).

System-forming

Integrating

Functions of a logistical system

Regulating

Resulting

Figure 3 – Functions of a logistical system

1. System-forming logistics is a system of effective technologies for providing resource management.

2. The integrating function is the provision of logistics with the synchronization of sales, storage and delivery processes linked to the market of means of production and the provision of intermediary services to consumers.

3. The regulatory function is to implement the management of material, information and financial flows to reduce costs.

Характеристики

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