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The analysis of the system makes it possible to identify its mostessential components, to give them a characterization, and also to quantify theinteraction with each other, and determine their influence on the parameters of thesystem under study. Synthesis is used in the process of development and functioningof a formalized dynamic model of the system parameters.In modern economics and business practice, logistics is defined as an integratedprocess of managing material and information flows, designed to provide themaximum possible satisfaction of the needs of consumers with minimal overallcosts.
With the traditional organization of management, the company allocatesspecial units engaged in a specific type of logistics activities, for example, supply,transportation, storage, marketing, etc. Logistical management in this case becomesfragmented, which gives rise to many problems. Each department in the enterprisehas its own goals, objectively conditioned by the specifics and priorities of itsspecific activities. For example, the supply department is looking for reliablesuppliers, the transport department is trying to fully load vehicles, the salesdepartment is interested in responding quickly to demand, production is interestedin uninterrupted operation, the storage department is trying to reduce stocks, etc.Let's list the main disadvantages of fragmented logistics inside the enterprise:1. Conflict of the objectives of the various divisions of one enterprise;2.
The exchange of information between units is hampered and slowed down;3. Poor coordination of the activities of various units;534. Surplus stocks of all kinds;5. Lack of information on the overall logistics costs and, as a consequence, thelack of the ability to manage them;6. Decrease in the efficiency of the enterprise.In practice, it is quite difficult to integrate all logistics within an enterprise forseveral reasons:1. A wide variety of different types of logistics activities, logistics operations;2. Geographical dispersion of various divisions of the enterprise;3. The absence of a specialist with the necessary knowledge, enthusiasm, abilityand authority;4.
Lack of common control systems and inaccessibility of integratedinformation.Material flows are defined as the goods considered in the process of applyingvarious logistical operations to them. A wide variety of cargo and logisticsoperations complicates the study and management of material flows. When solvinga specific problem, it is necessary to clearly identify which flows are beinginvestigated. In solving some problems, the object of investigation can be the loadconsidered in the process of application of a large group of operations. For example,when designing a distribution network and determining the number and location ofwarehouses. At the decision of other problems - for example, at the organization ofintra-warehouse logistical process, each operation is de facto studied.Material flows are subdivided according to the following main characteristics:the relation to the logistic system, the natural-material composition of the flow, thenumber of streams forming the cargo, the specific gravity of the cargo that forms theflow, the degree of compatibility of the goods, the consistency of the goods.
If youkeep stocks in the enterprise at the same level, the input material flow will be equalto the output stream.As it was noted, the material flow is formed as a result of a set of certain actionswith material objects. These actions are called logistical operations. However, theconcept of logistic operation is not limited to actions only with material flows.54In general, logistics operations define how the aggregate of actions is aimed atthe transformation of a material or information flow.
Using logistics operations witha material flow it is possible to carry loading, transportation, unloading, picking,warehousing, packing and other operations. Logistical operations with informationflow is, as noted, the collection, processing and transmission of informationcorresponding to the material flow. It should be noted that the costs of completinglogistics operations with information flows are an essential part of logistics costs.The advancement of material flows is carried out by qualified personnel using avariety of techniques: vehicles, loading and unloading devices, etc. Variousbuildings and structures are involved in the logistics process, the course of theprocess essentially depends on the degree of preparedness for it, the moving andperiodically accumulated in the stocks of goods.
The aggregate of the productiveforces ensuring the passage of goods is better or worse, but always somehoworganized.Basically, logistics operations are carried out by Transport ForwardingCompanies, engaged in organizing the transportation of goods from the consignor(customer) to the consignee. In most cases, the fuel and energy complex is thecompany's intermediary between the client and the carrier, providing services to findthe contractor and transport with a satisfactory criterion for the carriage of goods.The quality and timeliness of cargo transportation depends on the competence andprofessionalism of this company.The main types of transportation organization are:1. Unimodal - carried out by one mode of transport, as a rule, in those cases whenit is necessary to transport the goods from the initial point to the final one withoutintermediate operations, storage and cargo processing;2.
Mixed transportation of goods is usually carried out by two modes of transport(avia-auto, railway-car, etc.). Signs of a multimodal transport are the availability ofseveral transport documents depending on the modes of transport. At the same timethe shipper concludes the contract with each participant of cargo transportationseparately;553.
Combined transportation differs from mixed transportation by the presence ofmore than 2 types of transport;4. Multimodal (intermodal) transportation is the one that is carried out by two ormore modes of transport, is carried out under the responsibility of one transportoperator for a single transport document.Multimodal transportation is transportation of the same cargo using more thanone mode of transport, usually based on one contract.
The advantage is that suchtransportation is carried out not by several companies, but by one, carrying itsobligations to the client accordingly. Multimodal transport implies the possibility oftransportation "from door to door"A multimodal transport operator is any person who, on his own behalf or throughanother person acting on his behalf, enters into a contract of carriage and acts as aparty to the contract, and not as an agent or on behalf of the consignor or carriersinvolved in multimodal transport operations and Assumes responsibility for theperformance of the contract.A multimodal transport contract is a contract on the basis of which themultimodal transport operator for the payment of freight charges should carry out orensure the performance of an international multimodal transport.
A multimodaltransport document means a document certifying a multimodal transport contract,acceptance of the goods by the multimodal transport operator in its charge, as wellas its obligation to deliver the goods in accordance with the terms of this contract.The object of the multimodal transportation in general can be any cargo - bulk,packaged-piece ones.Intermodal transportation of goods carried out along international transportcorridors presupposes the closest integration, based on the unity of all links of thetransport and distribution chain in the organizational and technological aspect, on asingle form of impact, coordination and cooperation of all participants in thetransport process.The concepts of mixed, intermodal, combined and multimodal are related. Thelegislation in force in the Russian Federation does not disclose the signs of these56types of transportation, and although they have long been used in the economy andare widely used in logistics, they are not regulated from a legal point of view.Currently, there is no single international document governing the contractualrelationship between the consignor and the organizer of the carriage of goods in aninternational mixed message.
There are currently two documents of multimodaltransportation that have received official recognition and are used in internationalmultimodal transport: the multimodal bill of lading "Multidok-95", "FBL" and thenon-title consignment note of mixed transportation "FWB".The currently implemented Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for theperiod up to 2020 The Federal Target Program "Development of the RussianTransport System" is aimed primarily at the task of balancing the development of allmodes of transport and the transformation of Russia's geographical features into itscompetitive advantages.
In 2011, the Ministry of Transport of Russia, within theframework of realization of its powers, developed the "Concept for the developmentof cargo air transportation in the Russian Federation", whose objectives are to realizethe transit potential of our country and to develop domestic demand for air cargo byimproving the competitiveness of air transport services in the Russian Federation.To achieve the goals of the Concept, the Ministry of Transport of Russia hasformulated twelve initiatives, the implementation of which will lead to a significantincrease in the volume of cargo transportation by air.
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