01-04-2020-3rd Edition ML Pre-Int(1) (1171843), страница 34
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Compare:The transport strike is going to cause a real problem. (= This is anticipated for the future.)The transport strike is causing a real problem. (= The strike has started and the effects are present.)4 Some verbs, like anticipate, expect, look forward to, hope and plan, automatically refer to the future.These verbs can be used in either the simple or continuous form./ look forward to seeing you soon.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.We hope to do better next year.We are hoping to do better next year.We plan to attract more foreign investment.We are planning to attract more foreign investment.Other future forms1Will is very often used for predictions.The forecast says that tomorrow will be warm and sunny.I don't think they will complain.She won't like what you've written about her.2 We use the contracted form 'II to make spontaneous offers.I'll help you write the report ifyou like.(= I'll help you now, o r when you want me to help you.)149Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEII!]Reported speechWe use reporting verbs like say, tell and ask to report what other people say.1Reporting words just saidIn this case, the situation is still present.The boss says she wants to see you immediately.2 Reporting words said in the past••Words that are said in one place at one particular time may be reported in anotherplace at another time.
Because of the change in time, there may be a change of tenseor modal auxiliary. A different pronoun is used to suit the context.Actual wordsReported words'We are not going to panic.'He said they were not going to panic.'I left my briefcase at work.'She said she (had) left her briefcase at work.'I've already spoken to her.'He said he had already spoken to her.'We won't know before Friday.'She said they wouldn't know before Friday.'Ican't give you a lower price.'He said he couldn't give me a lower price.Would, could and should do not change.'I would tell you if I could.'She said she would tell me if she could.'You should be more careful.'He said I should be more careful.3 Say versus tell••We do not usually use a person object (me, us, etc.) after say.She said she would come later.
(NOT *She said me ...)But after tell, we indicate who receives the information.She told me she would come later. (NOT *She told she would ...)•We can use that directly after say, but not directly after tell.He said that he understood the reason. (NOT *He told that .. .)•Tell also means 'to inform' or 'to instruct'.He told me he was interested in my proposal.She told me to hurry up.4 Reporting questionsWe use ask (with or without an object) to report questions.Note the word order in the reported question: (1) question word (2) subject (3) verb.Reported wordsActual words••in open questions (When /Why /How /What /etc.):'When do you want to take your vacation?'He asked (him) when he wanted to take his vacation.'How long is the conference?'He asked (her) how long the conference was.in yes /no questions:'Do you want to take your vacation inJuly or August?'He asked (him) if /whether he wanted to take hisvacation in july or August.'Will you be able to attend the conference?'He asked (her) if/whether she would be able toattend the conference.150Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEm ConditionalsFirst conditional(if+ present simple, will + infinitive without to)In these two examples, the speaker feels that there is a real possibility that they will increasetheir order and that their visitors will be late.If we increase our order, they'll give us a higher discount.If our visitors are late, we won't be able to take them to the theatre.Second conditional(if+ past simple, would + infinitive without to)1 When the situation is less likely to happen or be accepted, we use the second conditional.If we had more money to spend, we would be interested.
(but we don't)2 Sometimes the condition is logically impossible to fulfil.If he was the Queen of England, he' d sell Buckingham Palace.Points to remember1 The position of the if clause and the main clause can be changed.I would lend him some money if he needed it.Ifhe needed it, I would lend him some money.2 We cannot use will or would in the if clause.*If I will go to Japan, I'll probably go to a tea ceremony.knew*If I weuldkAew the answer, I would tell you.3It is possible to use If I were rather than If I was, especially when giving advice.If I were the Minister of Finance, I'd reduce taxation.If I were you, I'd buy those shares now.4 Instead of would, we can use might o r could, depending on the meaning.If he relaxed more, he might enjoy this new challenge.If he wanted to, he could become CEO.151Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEmPassivesForm+It's done. It's being done.
It was done. It has been done. It will be done.-It's not done. It's not being done. It wasn't done. It hasn't been done. It won't be done.?Is it done? Is it being done? Was it done? Has it been done? Will it be done?Passives can also be formed with modal verbs.Can it be done?It can't be done.It should be done.Itwould be done.It might be done.Uses1 We choose a passive structure when we focus on the action itself rather than whoperforms the action.Tea is grown in Sri Lanka.Our quality procedures are strictly monitored.The new machine has been installed.2 We can use by to mention who performs an action.All her clothes are designed by Armani.The first computer was invented by Alan Turing.G-Shock is a brand of watch which is manufactured by Cosio.3 We often use the passive to describe a process, system or procedure,as in the extract below.Naming a new productBefore a product is launched, focus groups are set up and a name is chosen.Potential consumers are asked to give their impressions, and these are matchedagainst the desired brand image.
Once the name has been decided, it must beregistered so that it cannot be used by other manufacturers.4 We often use the passive in impersonal constructions beginning with it.These constructions are frequently found in reports and the minutes of meetings.It was agreed that the budget should be increased.It was decided to implement the new policy immediately. (or It was decided thatthe new policy should be implemented immediately.)It was felt that an early decision had to be made.152Scanned for Agus SuwantoU N IT 1 CAR E E R SCOl TRACK 1PERSON 1Well, for a long time, I think I was very ambitious - you know, wanting toget to the top and to earn as much money as possible.
But then I decidedthat other things are more important. I recently decided to take a careerbreak, so I'm travelling for a year and doing some unpaid work. I want tosec something of the world and look at my options. Everyone at work saysit's not a very good career move, but it's what I want to do. All my friendsthink I'm mad, but I think I have time. I'm only in my thirties, after all.COl TRACK SA: Good morning, VTS. Which department, please?B: I'd like to speak to Corina Molenaar in Human Resources, please.A: TI1ank you. Hold on. I'll put you through.C: Hello.
Human Resources.B: Hello. Is that Corina Molenaar?C: Speaking.B: Yes, I'm phoning about your advert in Careers Now. Could you sendme an application form, please?C:Certainly. Can I take some details? Could you give me your nameand address, please?COl TRACK 2PERSON 2B: Yes, sure, it's Sophie Boitcaud, which is B-0-I-T-E-A-U-D.It's been very difficult, l think- to get a start without much experience,COl TRACK 9A: Hello. Could I speak to Giovanna, please?B: I'm afraid she's not here at the moment. Can I take a message?A: Yes, please.
This is Johan from lntcc. Could you tell her I won't beyou know. It's the chicken-and-egg situation - you can't get a job withoutexperience, and you can't get experience without a job. TI1e careeropportunities everybody talks about are not really happening for me.Maybe the problem is that I don't really have a career path in mind. I'mAnd my address is ...able to make the training course on Saturday? She can call me backstill not really sure what I want to do in the long term.
I've done differentthings, but they don't seem to lead anywhere. I don't really know wherel"m going. Studying at university made a lot of sense at the time, but nowI'm not so sure. l don't feel very prepared for my working life.COl TRACK 3PERSON 3Well, I suppose 1 always had a career plan, and for me it seems to have beensuccessful. I first worked for the company part time when I was a student,part of a work placement, which 1 organised myself. I always wanted towork in this area and only really for one company. TI1ey offered me a fulltime job, and then I worked my way up the career ladder from trader toassociate to manager to director.
I'm now a partner. Maybe it's a bit unusualthese days to only work for one company, but for me it's ali i wanted. It'sonly been 1 7 years, but I'm going to take early retirement next year andbuy a boat.COl TRACK 4 (I = INTERVIEWER, M F = MELISSA FOUX)1:Can you tell us about your job?MF: l.'m currently the Finance Director of CSC Media Limited, ChartShow Channels Group, which is the largest independent televisionbusiness in the UK.
We have a mixture of 16 channels - some arcmusic, some are children's and some are movie channels.1:What was your previous job?MF: I was previously the Finance Director of a chocolate-pudding business,so very different from television. But, um, tl1e good thing about beingin the finance world is tl1at it's relatively easy to move from sector tosector. TI1e basic skills that you need are, are similar in each case.COl TRACK 10 (K = KARL, M = MAn)M: Hello, Matt speaking.K: Hi, Matt. Karl here.M: Oh, hello, Karl. How arc you?K: Fine, thanks. Listen, just a quick word.M: Yeah, go ahead.K: Do you think you could let me have the other number for WorkplaceM:K:M:K:M:Solutions? I can't get through to them. TI1eir phone's always engaged.Er, I've got it here.
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