01-04-2020-3rd Edition ML Pre-Int(1) (1171843), страница 33
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Their phone's always engaged.2 We also use could to refer to future possibilities.I think we could increase our market share in the long term.3 We use would to:•make requests.Would you open the door for me, please?•make offers.•describe imaginary situations.Would you like a glass of water?I would buy a Ferrari if I had enough money.141Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIJPresent simple and present continuousPresent simpleForm+1 /You/We/They work.He/She/It works.-1 /You/We/They don't (= do not) work.He/She/It doesn't (= does not) work.?Do 1/you/we/they work?Does he/she/it work?Uses1 We use the present simple to:•give factual information about permanent activities.Valentino makes luxury chocolates.•describe a state that doesn't change.He looks like his father.Nothing succeeds like success.•talk about routine activities, repeated actions or habits.
This use of the present simple isassociated with adverbs of frequency.We usually have our weekly sales meeting on Mondays.I often travel abroad on business.We sometimes get complaints, but not many.2 There are verbs that we normally use only in simple tenses, not in continuous tenses.For example believe, belong, depend, know, like, love, mean, own, remember, understand, want, etc.These verbs describe states, not actions.It depends on the exchange rate (NOT *It is depending ...)The premises don't belong to them. (NOT *The premises aren't belonging ...)What do they want? (NOT * What are they wanting ...)Present continuousForm+I am working.He/She/It is working.You/We/They are working.-Iam not working.He/She/It isn't (= is not) working.You/We/They aren't (= are not) working.?Am I working?Is he/she/it working?Are you/we/they working?UsesWe use the present continuous to:•describe activities in progress at the moment of speaking.She's talking to him on the phone right now.••describe temporary situations.The delegation is staying at the Hilton until Friday.refer to future arrangements.He's starting a new job next week.•describe changing situations.We're developing a new marketing strategy.142Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIIModals 2: must, need to, have to, should1 We often use must, need to and has/have to to say that something is compulsory o r necessary.We must be patient when our goals are for the long term.Companies have to advertise to let consumers know they exist.I need to have the figures before next Monday's meeting.2 We use had to to refer to a past obligation.When / lived in Tokyo, I had to learn Japanese.3 We use should and shouldn't to give advice or to suggest the right course of action.A CV should be printed on good·quality notepaper.It shouldn't be more than two pages long.Should often follows the verbs suggest and think.I suggest/think we should aim at the top end of the market.4 We use should to say that something is likely in the future.Interest rates should come down soon - that's what the economists are predicting.5 We use don't have to and don't need to if something is not necessary.You don't have to queue up when you buy online.Ifyou buy now, you don't need to pay anything until next year.6 We use mustn't I must not when things are forbidden or against the law.Drivers must not park their vehicles by a traffic light.Compare the uses of mustn't and don't have to in this sentence.In many companies, employees mustn't wear jeans, but they don't have to dress formally.7 We use must to say we are sure of something because of what we know.He must be very rich - he drives a Ferrari.8 Have to is more common in questions than must.Do we have to make a decision now?143Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIIPast simple and past continuousPast simpleForm+1/You/He/She/lt/We/They worked.-1/You/He/She/lt/We/They didn't (= did not) work.?Did 1/you/he/she/it/we/they work?Uses1 We use the past simple to refer to states and actions which finished in the past.He left for Australia yesterday.When I was young, I wanted to be a pilot.2 The action can be short, long or repeated.They took a taxi to get here.The flight lasted 10 hours.I took the same train every day.3Remember that some verbs are normally used in simple tenses only (see Section 2, page 140).They owned five shops in Madrid alone.
(NOT *They were owning ...)We didn't know the market forecast. (NOT *We weren't knowing )Did our guests like the food? (NOT *Were our guests liking ...)...Past continuousForm+1/He/She/lt was working.You/We/They were working.-1/He/She/lt wasn't (= was not) working.You/We/They weren't (= were not) working.?Was 1/he/she/it working?Were you/we/they working?UsesWe use the past continuous to:•talk about actions that were not yet finished and continued over a period of time.At that time, we were still trying to solve our recruitment problem.Sometimes this period of time includes another event which is completed.•She had an accident while she was driving to work.I was talking to him on the phone when I heard an explosion.refer to situations that were changing over time in the past.During the 1 980s, many of the older industries were closing down.At that time, we were coming out of recession and things were improving.144Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIIPast simple and present perfectPresent perfectForm+1/You/We/They have worked.He/She/It has worked.-1/You/He/She/lt/We/They haven't (= have not) worked.?Have 1/you/we/they worked?Has he/she/it worked?Uses1 We use the present perfect to:•••talk about actions that continue from the past to the present.We have been in this business for over 50 years.
(= We are still in business.)talk about past events that have an impact in the present.Recently, profits have fallen sharply because ofstrong competition.Genova has had to cut costs by reorganising the workforce.talk about life experiences.He's worked in a number of different firms.I've been to London on many occasions.She's never had to lead a team before. (= in her life up to now)Because the time reference includes the present, we use time expressions that referto both present and past.So far, we have captured 30% ofthe market.This week, I've written three long reports.Over the last few days, I have had too much work to do.Present perfect versus past simple1 We use the past simple for completed actions that happened in the past.Andrew Mason set up Groupon in 2008.2 Because the time reference is past, we use time expressions that refer to finished past time.Last year, we increased turnover by 15%.Five years ago, we didn't have an overseas subsidiary.She joined the company three months ago.3 The decision to use the past simple or present perfect depends on how we see the event.
I f we seeit as related to the present, we use the present perfect. If we see it as completed and in the past,we use the past simple.I've known Bill for many years. (= We are still in touch.)I knew Bill when I was at college. (= We don't keep in touch.)145Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCE��1M ultiword verbsA multiword verb is a combination of a verb and one or two particles (e.g. at, away, down, in, on, up).2 Types of multiword verbs•without an objectThe photocopier has broken down.Something has come up.
(= happened)•with an object - separableThe direct object can come after the verb or before the particle.Could you turn on the coffee machine? I Could you turn the coffee machine on?•with an object- inseparableThe director cannot do without his secretary. (NOT *The director cannot do his secretary without.)3In many cases, the multiword verb is more informal than its synonym.How did you find out? (= discover the information)We set offearly. (= departed)4 Many multiword verbs are idiomatic; in other words, their meaning is difficult to i n terpret.However, it can help if you understand the meanings of the particles. For example:•away (creating distance)I'm going away next week.Don't run away.
I need to talk to you.•on (continuing)Carry on the good work!The meeting went on until seven o'clock.•over (considering)I need time to think it over.Come and see me, and we'll talk it over.•up (completing)Some urgent matters need clearing up.Drink up. We've got to go.(For further information, consult the Longman Dictionary ofPhrasal Verbs.)146Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIJTime clauses1 We use time clauses to provide information about actions and events in the past, present and future.Do you remember when you hod your first interview? (past time)When your customers are unhappy, they'll usually tell at least 20 otherpeople. (true all the time)When I find the missing documents, I'll bring them to you. (future time)2 We use a present tense, not will, to refer to future time in a time clause.Until inflation is under control, planning will be difficult.
(NOT *will be under control)Once we finish the project, we'll have more time. (NOT *will finish the project)Can you look at this before you leave? (NOT *will /eave)The share price will rise as soon as we announce the merger.I'll see you when the meeting finishes.3Note that:•a present perfect in a time clause refers to a future situation.I'll get back to you as soon as we hove decided what to do.She'll write to you after/when she's spoken to her boss.We won't know the results until we've received all the sales reports.•while means 'during the time that' or 'at the same time as'./ like to listen to music while I'm working.I was working late at the office while she was out socialising.While I was in Italy, I went to see Alessandro.for/since/during1 We use both for and during with periods of time, but the is usually used after during.I haven't seen her for a month.
(NOT *during a month)What are you planning to do during the vacation?He fell asleep during the meeting.2 We use since with points in time.The company has expanded fast since it was founded.Since Martin joined the company two years ago, profits have risen dramatically.147Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIJQuestionsYes/No questionsI n questions that can be answered with either yes or no, we put an auxiliary verb before the subject.Are you coming?Can you drive a truck?Do you know his name?Did you arrive on time?Have you heard the news?Will you have time?Yes, I am. I No, I'm not.Yes, I can.
I No, I can't.Yes, I do. I No, I don't.Yes, I did. I No, I didn't.Yes, I have. I No, I haven't.Yes, I will. I No, I won't.Open questions1 We use question words such as what, who, where, when, why and how to ask for more information.The question word comes before the auxiliary verb.To ask about:We use:a thingWhat is the brand name?Which door is it?a personWho is the ChiefExecutive?a placeWhere do you come from?a reasonWhy are you putting up your prices?a moment in timeWhat time did the meeting start?When did the goods arrive?a period of timeHow long did you stay in Beijing?the number of timesHow many times have you been to China?quantity (with plural nouns)How many cases did you order?quantity (with uncountable nouns)How much money do you have on you?the way you do somethingHow do you manage to read so quickly?2 We use what if there are many possible answers and which if there are fewer possible answers.What is their policy?Which of these cases is yours?3If who or what is the subject of the sentence, the word order is the same as in a statement.Who looks after the travel arrangements?What happens when things go wrong?4 If who, what o r which asks about the object, we put the auxiliary before the subject.Who shall / get in touch with?What number did you ring?Which restaurant have you chosen?5 The question word how can be followed by an adjective or adverb.How big is the warehouse?How good is your Spanish?How well do you speak Spanish?How far is the hotel from here?How often do you travel abroad?148Scanned for Agus SuwantoGRAMMAR REFERENCEIJ Talking about future plans1 We use the present continuous for future arrangements.What are you doing next weekend?We 're visiting our suppliers next week.2 We also use going to for arrangements, plans and intentions.What are you going to do next weekend?We re going to visit our suppliers next week.I'm going to talk to you today about my company.'3 But we do NOT use the present continuous to make predictions for the future.
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