диссертация (1169608), страница 7
Текст из файла (страница 7)
Hentz, Morten Bøås New and Critical Security and Regionalism: Beyond the Nation StateInternational political economy of new regionalisms series / Ashgate. – 2003. – 216 p25Another concept is the concept of “general and collective defense”. It means jointprotection of members of the security community (for example, the CSTO or the Shieldof the Peninsula within the framework of the Council of Cooperation of the Arab Statesof the Arabian Gulf) against aggression by actors outside the organization88.In this connection A.
Bogaturov considers the relationship between stability andsecurity as follows: “While security implies the desired condition of a state or thesystem, then stability is the type of change in their real states that can be characterizedby greater or lesser security. Or in another way: security embodies the absence ofthreats to survival, and stability - the ability to compensate for such threats in the eventof their emergence due to the internal adaptive capabilities of the system.” Thus, theconcept of “security” as a complex multifaceted social phenomenon has a specifichistorical character and is closely related to all forms and areas of interaction in the“state-society-individual” triad. Any concept is developed in accordance with specifichistorical conditions.
Previously, each state was left largely to its own resources toprevent and reduce the severity of external (and internal) threats. At present, most of theproblems related to the security of the state cannot be resolved by any state alone, whichis why the efforts of all the states of the world are objectively required89.In the most abstract sense, the relevant up-to-date understanding of internationalsecurity was articulated when the UN was being born, in the first article of the Charterof this organization, where its main task was cleary laid out: “…to maintaininternational peace and security and, for this purpose, to take effective collectivemeasures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and to suppress acts of aggression orother violations of the peace and to conduct by peaceful means, in accordance with theprinciples of justice and international law, the settlement or settlement of internationaldisputes or situations, which can lead to a breach of the peace”90.88Воскресенский А.Д.
Регионализация в международных отношениях / А.Д. Воскресенский //Современные международные отношения / Под ред. А.В. Торкунова. - М.: Аспект Пресс, 2012. - С. 103-116.89Современная мировая политика: Прикладной анализ / Отв. ред. А.Д. Богатуров. М.: Аспект Пресс,2009. – 558 с.90The Charter of the Organization is indicated by Chapter I, Article 1. [Electronic resource] // The officialwebsite of the Organization is indicated on. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/charter-united-nations/.26By and large, international security, along with its national dimension, is one ofthe key spheres of activity of any state, as well as the subject of close scholarly inquiry.Let me now in turn consider the main attributes of various security systems, brieflytouched upon above.Typically, in the expert community, when discussing this issue, two types ofinternational security models are used based on different criteria.
The first type includesfour competing models of international security, built in function of the number of greatpowers (or poles) in the system: unipolar, “concert of powers”, multipolar, global91.The basis for differentiating the second type of international security models isthe nature of the relationship between actors in these security systems. The second typeincludes three basic models: collective, universal and cooperative92.The notion of collective security was coined in the early 1930s, when, attemptswere made to develop a mechanism for preventing a new world war, mainly on thebasis of an international organization of the League of Nations.
The idea is predicatedon the premise regarding the existence of a group of states brought together by a sharedgoal of protecting their own security and a system of military and political measuresdirected against a potential enemy or source of threat both within and without thistotality of states.The second model of universal security was first mentioned during the Cold Warin the report of the Palme Commission of 1982, led by the Minister for Foreign Affairsof Sweden, Olof Palme. The Commission proposed “the establishment of a nuclearweapon-free zone on both sides of the border between the Eastern and Western blocs,which would cover a space of three hundred kilometers, in order to provide a securityzone, as well as providing for the possibility to resolve new arising problems”93.This model, unlike collective security, focuses on the multidimensional nature ofinternational security, which encompasses not only the traditional “hard” but also “soft”security dimensions, as well as the need to take into account the legitimate interests of91Шаклеина Т.А.
Лидерство и современный мировой порядок: нужен ли миру лидер? / Т.А.Шаклеина //Международные процессы. 2015. – №4. – С. 6-19.92Ibid.93Народы и культуры. – М.: Инфра – М. под ред. Р. Хоггарта, 2002.27all members of the world community. Ensuing from that assumption is the fact that theinstitutional framework for universal security should not be so much military-politicalalliances as collective security implies, but rather universal international organizationssuch as the United Nations.Despite the fact that the concept of universal security is undoubtedly a significantstep forward in comparison with the model of collective security, it has a number ofshortcomings above all the vagueness of the definition of international security(identifying security with a public good); and weak institutional design94.The model of cooperative security gained popularity in political discourse in themid-1990s. Its authors and followers seem to assume that this model has embraced thebest two worlds.
On the one hand, it acknowledges the multidimensional nature ofinternational security. On the other hand it sets forth a clear cut hierarchy of priorities.While not giving up fully on “hard” security, the model of cooperative securityemphasizes the priority of political and diplomatic means in resolving inter-statedisputes. This concept calls for different actors from the world community to cooperateand establish contacts, but can rely on the existing system of military-political alliancesin solving specific issues. Finally, recognizing the state as the main subject ofinternational relations, the concept of cooperative security pays much attention to theuse of the potential of international and transnational organizations and, therefore, ismore open to a network-based, rather than state-centric, negotiation patterns drawing onthe principle of the “equal footing” of actors.It should be noted that many of the specific parameters the cooperative securitymodel have yet to be fleshed out.
Theorists disagree on the question of whichinstitutions should become the nucleus of the new system of international security, whatare the limits of the use of force in international politics, how we should treat statesovereignty, how to avert backsliding of the current system of international relationsinto a precarious standoff of military-politically alliances, including the existing onesthat seem to take on a second breath.94Глобальная безопасность: инновационные методы анализа конфликтов. Под общ. ред. Смирнова А.И.– М.: Общество «Знание» России, 2011. – C.
17628The next level and integral part of international security is regional security. Inmodern political discourse, the notion of regional security is understood as “an integralpart of international security characterizing the state of international relations in aspecific region of the world community as free from military threats, economic dangers,etc., as well as from intrusions and outside interference related to damage,encroachments on the sovereignty and independence of the states of the region”95. Theregional level of security differs in a certain way from global security taking intoaccount the specific features of a particular region of the modern world, namely, theconfiguration of the balance of forces, historical, cultural, traditional, ethno-religiouscharacteristics96.
Another difference of regional security is that its provision can beanswered both by specially created for this institutional structures (for example, theOSCE in Europe) and by wider associations (for example, OAS in the countries of theAmericas, the CSTO in Central Asia)97.Over the past decade, its subregional sub-level has become increasingly importantin ensuring regional security. The end of the cold war, the development ofregionalization processes and, consequently, the transition from confrontational formsof maintaining stability to multi-level cooperation in various regions of the worldcontribute to deepening this process, its transition to more compact and boundinterrelated subregions.The most comprehensive theoretical substantiation of the processes leading to theformation of regions as constituent components and actors of world politics is containedin the theory of regional security complexes, proposed by the representatives of theCopenhagen School of International Relations Barry Buzan and Ole Waever.
Themaintain that the key role in any regionalization processes is played by the problems ofsecurity.95Шаклеина Т.А. Внешняя политика и безопасность современной России. 1991-2002. Хрестоматия вчетырех томах. Редактор-составитель Т.А. Шаклеина. Том II. Исследования. М. : Московский государственныйинститут международных отношений (У) МИД России, Российская ассоциация международных исследований,АНО «ИНО-Центр (Информация. Наука. Образование.)», 2002. – C.
34096Воскресенский А.Д. Мировое комплексное регионоведение и перспективы построения незападнойтеории международных отношений / А.Д. Воскресенский // Полис. - 2013. - № 6. - С. 82-96.97Шаклеина Т.А. Великие державы и региональные подсистемы / Т.А. Шаклеина // Международныепроцессы. - 2011. - Том 9. № 2. - С. 29-39.29In the opinion of Buzan98 and O.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
