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M., Security Dynamics in the Middle East Monday. // The Brookings Institution. [Electronicresource] – URL: https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/security-dynamics-in-the-middle-east/75Воскресенский А.Д. Мировые стратегии великих держав и императивы внешней политики России /А.Д. Воскресенский // Российская государственность: исторические традиции и вызовы XXI в.
материалывсероссийской научно-общественной конференции. - М.: Научный эксперт, 2013. - С. 215-228.76Giulio M. Gallarotti Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism,and Constructivism. Cambridge University Press, 2010. – P. 142.77Cofman T., Real security: The interdependence of governance and stability in the Arab World // TheBrookings Institution. [Electronic resource]. – URL: https://www.brookings.edu/research/politics-governance-and-statesociety-relations22economic interdependence, legal and other normative restrictions on the deployment ofthe state military, as well as moral issues to do with the doctrine of mutually assureddestruction78.
Such ideas, especially by the beginning of the 21st century, are becomingmore widespread. An important place in the new ideas about security is taken by suchsecurity features as indivisibility and reciprocity: a reduction in the level of security ofone party provokes a decrease in the level of security by other parties79.Some shortcomings of the theory of political realism in regards to security werenoticed by the theorists of complex interdependence of J. Nye and R. Keohane who in1989 wrote: “The balance between power theories and national security is poorlyadapted to the analysis of problems of economic and ecological interdependence.Security in the traditional interpretation is probably not a fundamental issue faced bygovernments”80.Indeed, researchers ought to pay attention to the fact that the resolution of variousissues requires different power resources.
Nevertheless, all these new approaches musttake into account what neorealists so aptly described - the structure of the internationalsystem, or, in other words, how power is distributed between states81. Of course, onemight say that this approach is much more relevant to the realities of the cold war.Undoubtedly, in the modern world this interpretation deserves a critical attitude, but itwould be wrong to completely deny its positive significance for understanding not onlythe past, but also the current period of the development of international relations. It isanother matter completely, however, that what contemporary neorealists could do is toexplain how all these new different power dimensions could be integrated into ourunderstanding and calculation of the international structure.
This is a perennial questionof IR theory of how to measure power. The debate still goes on.78The Changing Global Security Structure // Centre for Strategic & International Studies. – [ElectronicResource] – URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/changing-security-structure-middle-east-079Federated Defense in the Middle East // Centre for Strategic & International Studies. – [Electronic resource].– URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/federated-defense-middle-east80Giulio M. Gallarotti Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism,and Constructivism.
Cambridge University Press, 2010. – P.42.81Федорченко А.В. Ближний Восток: ориентиры российской внешней политики [Электронный ресурс] //МГИМО. - 3.01.2013. - Режим доступа: news/experts/document234357.phtml23I argue in this study that classical strategic studies of security problems within thepolitical theory of realism and neo-realism remain largely relevant, particularly to thestudy of the Middle Eastern regional security and power dynamic. For example, in theearly 1990s one of the most prominent representatives of neo-realism, S.
Walt,presented to the world community the theory of threat balance, which, Walt agreed,should supplement and perfect the classical realistic theory of balance of power. Thelatter, as is known, shows how the states would behave in the event when one (orseveral allied ) state reaches a level of aggregate power far exceeding the power of theothers82.The disequilibrium of power takes place if one state of the system or theircoalition has a much greater power than another powerful state or coalition.
Thereaction of the rest of the system's players to this situation will be the build-up of theirown strength or the conclusion of allied treaties against one another against thestrengthened state (coalition), that is, states are trying to balance out the increasedstrength of one coalition's overall power, measured by its military, economic anddemographic ingredients, as well as access to critical raw matirials. Quite interestingly,Walt was using the Middle Eastern cases to prove his point.The concept of S. Walt demonstrates the desire of the paradigm of politicalrealism to change in accordance with today’s changes due to the emergence of newobjective megatrends (globalization, regionalization, etc.) that shape the internationalreality regardless of the desire of individual states83.These conclusions do not mean that by default the ideas and provisions developedby liberal theorists, including the hypotheses on collective security or interdependenceshould be dismissed.
They, too, merit an unbiased review and ought to be used whenrelevant conditions apply. For this reason, the concept of security has always remainedwithin the purview of the liberal-idealistic paradigm. One of the central points in this82Waltz K. Theory of International Politics. – New York: McGraw Hill, 1979. – 256 p.Мегатренды.
Основные траектории эволюции мирового порядка в ХХI веке / Т.А. Шаклеина, А.А.Байков, Э.Я. Баталов, Н.А. Симония и др.; под ред. Т.А. Шаклеиной и А.А. Байкова. - М.: Аспект Пресс, 2013. - 448с.8324paradigm has been the attainability of a normatively favoured international cooperationbased on universal values and universal human rights84.From this perspective, the actors of international relations who deny cooperation,violate the generally accepted moral and legal norms and, therefore, represent a majorsecurity threat.
Central to the liberal-idealistic paradigm are the concepts of generaldisarmament and collective security, as well as the fundamental focus on the idea ofrights and freedoms of the individual85. From the point of view of liberals, collectivesecurity is the only way to overcome the security dilemma through the widespreadinstitutionalization of international political interaction with reliance on internationallaw.The notion of “collective security”, which was formalized in the days of theLeague of Nations, has gained large following not only in the academic circles ofresearchers since the 1970s, but also among the political circles engaged in thedevelopment and implementation international security strategies around the world.This concept is actively used by a new layer of international actors: intergovernmentalorganizations (UN, LAS, MERCOSUR, OIC, etc.), as well as non-governmentalorganizations (SILPM, Socialist International, Pugwash Movement of Scientists)86.In the same years, other concepts of security, similar to the above, are born.
Forexample, the concept of “general security” (common security) as a counter-theory to socalled containment strategies. This concept implies long-term state obligations in thefield of implementing instruments for national security, which are formed taking intoaccount the concerns of other states regarding their own security, to maximize thedegree of interdependence between states through joint work on different vectors of theforeign policy course87.84Moravcsik A. "Liberal International Relations Theory; A Scientific Assessment" in The Progress itInternationaI Relations Theory: Appraising the Field, ed. Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman (Cambridge MIT Press.2003), 165 p.85Bull, H.
‘Society and anarchy in international relations’, in M. Wight and H. Butterfield (eds) Diplomaticinvestigations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968. First edition - pp.35−5086Воскресенский А.Д. Структурирование регионального пространства и его основные акторы.Регионализация и трансрегиональное сотрудничество / А.Д. Воскресенский, Е.В. Колдунова, А.А. Киреева //Мировое комплексное регионоведение / Под ред. А.Д. Воскресенского. М.: Магистр-Инфра-М, 2014. – с. 80-10787James J.
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