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2008. № 1. С. 260.110Bjorn Hettne, «Beyond the «New» Regionalism», New Political Economy, 10:4 – December, 2005, pp. 543–71.111Современные международные отношения: Учебник под ред. А.В. Торкунова, А.В. Мальгина, - М.:Издательство «Аспект Пресс», 2016. - С. 104.10933hand; and to fragmentation and regionalization, on the other. Researchers ofinternational relations noted that regional processes of international interactions,alongside interactions at the global level, have a certain qualitative autonomy. In eachspecific case of such "non-global" interactions there are characteristic specific patterns(economic, geographical, ethno-cultural, confessional, etc.) of these new, distinct andrelatively independent subsystems of international relations112.What matters if that processes occurring at the regional level can counterinfluences exerted by the global agenda and even transfigure them in their own peculiarway.
Figuratively speaking, regionalization is a kind of emancipation of the regionallevel of international relations113. De facto it means the return of the category ofspace/spatiality into international political and economic analysis.
Diversification ofpowers operating at the regional level leads to the formation of new fields for research,in which the category of space becomes decisive, such as regional studies, comparativemacro-regional analysis, “new geopolitics” – you name it114.Over the past decades, experts have been able to observe the reformatting of theglobal system of international relations in favor of the one where the regionalizationprocesses play an axial role, the influence of the regional level of international relationson the global level is growing, and new macro-regional alliances are shaping thatlargely determine the composition and content of the new regional orders in the modernworld115.Regionalization in its contemporary shape and form is a fairly recentphenomenon. This concerns the definition of the belonging of a certain country to aparticular region (geographical, political, civilizational), and to the definition of theboundaries of regions.
However, regardless of the ongoing debate, a region is for sure ageographically enclosed area the countries of which demonstrate the specifically112Журавлев В. Е. Использование методологии теории комплексов в региональной безопасности //Регионоведческие исследования 2011. №2.113Walter Mattli, ‘Ernst Haas’s Evolving Thinking on Comparative Regional Integration: of Virtues andInfelicities’, Journal of European Public Policy, - 12:2 – April, 2007. - pp. 327–48.114Воскресенский А.Д.
Место мирового комплексного / зарубежного регионоведения на «карте наук».Развитие мирополитических теорий и «проверка теорий» / А.Д. Воскресенский // Мировое комплексноерегионоведение. М.: Магистр-Инфра-М, 2014. с. 368-392.115Raimo Vayrynen, ‘Regionalism: Old and New’, International Studies Review – 5 – 2003. - pp. 25–5134endemic patterns of interaction manifest in first and foremost distinct behavioralfeatures inherent in its dynamics and arising from a shared cultural, economic andpollical co-development116.With the collapse of the bipolar system, an impetus was given to comparativeregional studies.
As part of this process it became clear that regions can actsimultaneously as objects and actors of world politics and occupy the middle level ofthe system of international relations, between the global level of the internationalsystem and the level of the national state. As a result, according to the Americaninternational scientist J. Hentz, at the present stage, there is an increase in theinterdependence and mutual influence of the policies of individual national states andother international actors within their respective regional spaces117.
In other words,regionalization does not only or necessarily implies an ever closer interconnectedness ofneighboring countries in various issue areas. What, in my view, comprises the mainpolitical meaning of the concept regionalization is the devolution of global politics tothe regional level of agenda setting and negotiations.On a more practical note, in political discourse the term “regionalization” iscommonly employed to denote two different phenomena: the rise of regional powers inworld politics (a synonym to polycentrisation of world politics) and the establishment ofregional integration groupings. Another relatively new direction for political sciencediscourse is the definition of regionalization as an economic precondition and a drivingforce for regionalism, or institutionalization of multilateral cooperation within a boundregional space.
The latter is looked at within the framework of such disciplines asinternational political economy118.Thus, the concepts of regionalization and regionalism emphasize theinterconnectedness of a certain number of countries and the transition of national issues(in the economic, political domains) of these countries to a supranational regional level.116V. Milner, ‘The New Wave of Regionalism’, International Organization, – 53:3 – Summer, 1999. - pp. 589–627117James J.
Hentz, ‘Introduction: New Regionalism and the ‘‘Theory of Security Studies’ - Burlington, VT :Ashgate, 2003. – р. 216118Воскресенский А.Д. Политические системы и политические структуры Востока. М.: Восток-Запад,2006. - С. 7.35It follows that regionalization allow countries to accomplish national interests at theregional level with lower transactional costs and higher efficiency than going it alone.The processes of regionalization, the result of which is the growinginterdependence of states, directly affect the areas of political and economic interaction,as well as cooperation in the field of security.
The conclusion is that the interaction inone of these three spheres is directly related to the successful achievement of theobjectives in the framework of the other two areas. This is the manifestation of thecomplex nature of the processes of regionalization, which initially had as their basis theneed to resolve security problems.As historical experience shows, the conflict is always present in the practice ofinternational relations. In modern conditions, when various threats acquire a globalcharacter, the importance of maintaining regional security as an integral part ofinternational stability cannot be underestimated. Moreover, the identification of threatsand challenges of a regional nature is very important for the effective implementation ofthe domestic and foreign policies of the state.According to the concept of American political scientist D.
Lake, the spatialdivision of the world in international relations is based on the civilizationalgeographical and cultural-political logic of development of each country, proceedingfrom the definition of the international political region as a complex tied to the“territorial-economic and national-based on the specific homogeneity of geographical,natural, economic, socio-historical, political, ethnic and cultural conditions, serving as abase for its identification”119.Also, as part of the systems approach to the analysis of international relations, itis possible to consider parts of the system as subsystems. Consequently, it is fair tobelieve that regional systems of international relations may have distinct laws when itcomes to interstate cooperation. The functioning of regional subsystems, as it isdescribed in the relevant literature can be summarized as follows:119David A.
Lake, «Regional Hierarchy: Authority and Local International Order», - Review of InternationalStudies, - Vol. 35, Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global, - Feb.,- 2009. - pp. 35-58361) While the parameters of international political dynamics are common for theentire world, at the regional subsystems generate their own processes ofinterstate interaction of a more local order, while being part of the globalcontext;2) Since the regional specificity is unique, the study of the parameters of thefunctioning of one regional subsystem will have limited significance forunderstanding the practical organization of processes in other regionalsubsystems;3) Nevertheless, due to the fact that regions per se are considered as anindependent level of analysis, identifying the particular and the common in thestructure and features one regional subsystem can be instrumental in makingsense of what goes on in other regions, even though said processes canmanifest themselves differently various forms120.With reference to modern international relations, one can speak of the existenceof the following international political macroregions: Middle Eastern, Pan-American,European, African, Asian; and some of the generally accepted subregional subsystemsthe Western European and Eastern European (part of the European subsystem), theNorth American and Latin American (part of the Pan-American subsystem), theMaghreb, the Levant, the Middle East, the Central Asian (the large Middle Easternsubsystem), the South Asian, Southeast Asian, East Asian (parts of the Asia-Pacificsubsystem) etc.
Obviously, due to different characteristics, individual countries canenter into several regional spaces at once, which, due to the vagueness of the boundariesof imaginary constructs, intersect with each other121.In addition, other political, economic, cultural and geographical groups of statesare often distinguished, depending on the criterion underlying the classification - thedominant type of economic management, the desire to build a joint security system orthe presence of unresolved territorial, interethnic, confessional disputes 122. In addition,120Ibid.R. Fawn «Regions» and their study: where from, what for and where to? - British International StudiesAssociation, - Review of International Studies, - 35, - 2009.
- pp 5-34122Edmund Herzig, ‘Regionalism, Iran and Central Asia’, - International Affairs, - 80:3, - May, - 2004. – 270 р.12137the division of the world into regions according to the geo-economic or geopoliticalprinciple seems legitimate.Based on the boundaries of these macroregions, it becomes possible to carry outvarious types of co-opposition, and multilevel analysis, and also to make forecasts. Suchapproaches to the knowledge of political reality serve as the basis for a more ambitiousand traditional practical historical-diplomatic and structured political-economicanalysis.38CHAPTER IIBASIC COMPONENTS AND MAIN PROCESSES IN REGIONAL SUBSYSTEMTHROUGH THE PRIZM OF THE PROBLEM OF SECURITY2.1. Regional Dimension of Global Processes in the Context of Modern Approachesto the Study of International RelationsNormative theories have stimulated the emergence of a number of derivativesthat have approached international relations either from the agent's point of view orfrom the structural point of view123.
It is assumed that the specifics of the system setsthe framework for the behavior of states in the international arena. That is, through thepeculiarities of the system of international relations, one can explain the behavior of anindividual state. Proceeding from this assumption, it is obvious that the notion of worldorder is more convenient to conceptualize from the point of view of system-structuraltheories.The present research will be concentrated on theories that operate with systemstructural categories and can be tested empirically - neo-liberalism, neo-Marxism andneo-realism.
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