диссертация (1169135), страница 29

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Adibi M. et al. Sociological Explantion of Body Management among Women.Motaleat e EjtemayeeRavanshenakhti Zanan, No.3, 2011. pp. 35-58.‫ لیلی؛ تبیین جامعه شناختی مدیریت بدن و ارتباط ان با عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی در‬،‫ سیمین؛ بنیاد‬،‫ صمد؛ افشار‬،‫احمدی عزت هللا؛ عدلی پور‬380.51-13 ‫ صص‬،2935 ،2 ‫ شماره‬،‫ پژوهشنامه زنان‬.‫میان زنان و دختران شهر تبریز‬Ahmadi E. et al. Sociological Explantion of Body Management and its Association with Social and Cultural Factorsamong Women in Tabriz City.

Pajoheshnameh Zanan. 1, 2016. pp. 29-50.‫ زن‬.)‫ حسن؛ تحلیل تجربه های زنانه از جراحی های زیبایی (مطالعه کیفی دالیل و پیامدهای جراحی زیبایی‬،‫ یسری؛ محدثی گیلو ایی‬،‫ محمودی‬381.527-519 ‫ صص‬.2933 ،2 ‫در توسعه و سیاست شماره‬Mahmudi Y., Mohadesi H. Analysis of Women's Experience of Cosmetic Surgeries. Zan dar Tosehe va Siyasat.No.4, 2016. pp. 523-547.123these images, they feel a dissatisfied body image and enterprise to control theirbody.

Attending gyms, dieting or eating disorders, cosmetic surgeries or wearingmakeup are some ways that they appeal to gain their imagined body.The 27 female interviewees of an Iranian town are all satisfied withopportunities brought to their lives, whether in mating or social promotion, viacosmetic surgery. The researcher states that in current Iranian society women arevalued according to their physical beauty, hence fulfillment of their desiresdemands attaining the required values382.Physical appearance has also played a central role in girls' marriage both intraditional and modern structures of the country, with differing valued norms ineach structure. Girls are under a social pressure that expects them to be physicallyattractive, naturally or artificially. Males are expectedattractedto female with flawlesstobemost sexuallyskin which is the most universally desiredbeauty"383.

Today with technological possibilities to enhance beauty, an unmarriedgirl takes the opportunity to gain a husband. A research proves that unmarriedgirls more than married wives are concerned with body control384. Anotherresearch reveals girls' enhanced success at mating and marriage after they hadtaken control of their body385. However, a boy would almost never undergo acosmetic surgery to enjoy a successful mating.

It indicates that female sex,regulated to be attractive in male dominated society, is victimized to theheteronormative values.،33 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مطالعات راهبردی زنان‬.‫ تجربه ها و انگیزه های دختران از مدیریت بدن در شهرستان رضوانشهر‬،‫ کرمی دمحم تقی؛ جمالی سحر‬382.272-297 ‫ صص‬.2932Karami M. Jamali S. Women's Experience of Body Management in Town of Rezvanshahr. Motaleat-e Rahbordi-eZanan, No. 69, 2014, pp.

137-174.383Fink B., Neav N. The biology of facial beauty. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, No.27, 2005, pp.317–32.‫ لیلی؛ تبیین جامعه شناختی مدیریت بدن و ارتباط ان با عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی در‬،‫ سیمین؛ بنیاد‬،‫ افشار‬،‫ حمدی عزت هللا؛ عدلی پور صمد‬384.51-13 ‫ صص‬،2935 ،2 ‫ شماره‬،‫ پژوهشنامه زنان‬.‫میان زنان و دختران شهر تبریز‬Ahmadi E. et al. Sociological Explantion of Body Management and its Association with Social and Cultural Factorsamong Women in Tabriz City.

Pajoheshnameh Zanan. No.1, 2016, pp. 29-50.،33 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مطالعات راهبردی زنان‬.‫ تجربه ها و انگیزه های دختران از مدیریت بدن در شهرستان رضوانشهر‬،‫کرمی دمحم تقی؛ جمالی سحر‬385.272-297 ‫ صص‬.2932Karami M. Jamali S. Women's Experience of Body Management in Town of Rezvanshahr. Motaleat-e Rahbordi-eZanan, No. 69, 2014, pp. 137-174.124A global study among 4100 respondent women from 13 different countriesrevealed that for women physical attractiveness and beauty are socially rewardedand mandated. Sixty three percent of respondents believed "Women today areexpected to be more physically attractive than their mother’s generation was”386.It is agreed that "Body image dissatisfaction is more prevalent amongwomen than men"387. A survey among 3,706 undergraduate students at sevenEnglish universities showed that women are concerned with body image more thanmen are388.

A research among male and female recipients in Shiraz, a big city inIran, also revealed that women are more obsessed with their body image and havemore desire to have cosmetic surgery than men have. The researchers blame thenorms and values of capitalist societies that reward women's beauty andconsequently objectifies women389.

The heteronormative structure of societiesencourage men and women to manage their bodies differently so that theheteronormative structure will sustain. An Iranian survey shows that because ofsociocultural Iranian context, the rate of body control among women is higher thanthat of men. The survey also reveals that religious women with traditional lifestylecare less to their body. However, as the lifestyle becomes more mediatized andconsequently more subject to modern lifestyle, women care about body controlmore.390 Birth giving is another reason why women more than men concern theirbody shape. To regain their pre pregnancy size, women care about their body andundergo diets, exercises or cosmetic surgeries.386Etcoff N, et al.

The Real Truth about Beauty: A Global Report. Findings of the Global Study on Women, Beautyand Well-Being. Dove Beauty Products, September 2004. [Electronic resource]. — Mode of access:www.clubofamsterdam.com/contentarticles/52%20Beauty/dove_white_paper_final.pdf387Brennan M.A., Lalonde C.E., Bain J.L. Body Image Perceptins: Body Image Perceptions: Do Gender DifferencesExist?. Psi Chi Jouranal of Under Graduate Research.

The International Honor Society in Psychology. Vol. 15, No.3. 2010. pp. 301-308.388Ansari W.E. et al. Body Image Concerns: Levels, Correlates and Gender Differences Among Students in theUnited Kingdom. Cent Eur J Public Health. 22(2), 2014. Pp.106–117.‫ زن و جامعه (جامعه‬: ،‫ بررسي جامعه شناختي مقایسه مدیریت بدن بین زنان و مردان‬،‫ سفیري خدیجه؛ سیدمیرزایي سیددمحم؛ آزادي ایگدر حكیمه‬389.31-27 ‫ صص‬.2931 ،9 ‫شناسي زنان) شماره‬Safir Kh. et al.Sociological Comparison of body Image between Women and Men. Journal of Zan va Jameh, 3,2014. Pp.47-62.‫ تحقیقات فرهنگی‬.‫ زنان شهر شیراز‬:‫ رابطه سبک زندگی و تصور بدن؛ مطالعة موردی‬، ‫ خواجه نوری بیژن؛ روحانی علی؛ هاشمی سمیه‬390.212-73 ‫ صفحه‬،2931 ‫ بهار‬،2 ‫ شماره‬،‫ایران‬Khajenoori B.

Rohani. A. Hashemi S. The Association of Lifestyle and Body Image. Case Study: Shiraz Women.Tahgigate Farhangi Iran. No. 1, 2011, pp. 79-104.125A research among a sample of 1841 women in Tehran who typically attendgyms suggests that the dominant reason of body management among these womenis to gain self -satisfaction391. Another research shows that women undergocosmetic surgeries to gain self-confidence392. It shows that a sense of bodydissatisfaction has been created among women that motivates them to followvarious body projects.The secularized and eroticized notion of beauty, represented in globalizedmedia, is transforming the traditional beauty values. Traditionally Iranian beautystandards idealized round faced, and over-weighted women.

Women withmustaches was more valued based on a belief that mustached women give birth tostrong boys. Curly hair and black eyes were also the admired features of Iranianwomen393. Since 1959, the idealized female images have decreased in size andwere presented as thinner, while the idealized male figure has remained almostconstant394.

Today the globally idealized beauty features constitute "higheyebrows, large eyes, high cheekbones, a small nose, and a narrow face"395.Today, "confronted with all the media images, Iranian women have beenpropelled to abandon their culturally determined ideas about beauty and they strivefor a global, western ideal"396. A quantitative research among 600 Iranian womenshowed that there is a high positive relevance between the globalized media-229 ‫ صص‬،2932 ،18 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مدیریت فرهنگی‬،‫ عوامل موثر فردي بر نگرش زنان نسبت به مدیریت بدن‬،‫ براتلو فاطمه؛ خودي مرجان‬391.219Baratlu F.

Khodi M. The Influential Personal Factors on Women's View of Body Management. Journal of ModiriatFarhangi, 9(28), 2016. pp.1-11..،33 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مطالعات راهبردی زنان‬.‫ سحر؛ تجربه ها و انگیزه های دختران از مدیریت بدن در شهرستان رضوانشهر‬،‫ دمحم تقی؛ جمالی‬،‫ کرمی‬392.272-297 ‫ صص‬.2932Karami M. Jamali S. Women's Experience of Body Management in Town of Rezvanshahr. Motaleat-e Rahbordi-eZanan, No. 69, 2014, pp.

137-174..‫ انتشارات امیرکبیر‬،‫ مترجم کثیری مسعود‬.‫ سالمت بهداشت و زیبایی زنان قاجار‬، .‫ برجسته سحر و همکاران‬393.111 ‫ تعداد صفحات‬.2939Barjaste S. et al.. Health and Beauty of Qajar Women. Translated by Masuod Kasiri. Amirkabir Publication, 2014.200 p.394Pearson A., Heffner M., Follette V. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Body Image Dissatisfaction : APractitioner's Guide to Using Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Values-Based Behavior Change Strategies(Professional).

New Harbinger Publications, 2010. pp.5-6.395Bissell K.L., YoungChung J. Americanized beauty? Predictors of perceived attractiveness from US and SouthKorean participants based on media exposure, ethnicity, and socio-cultural attitudes toward ideal beauty. AsianJournal of Communication, Vol. 19(2), 2009. pp. 227-247.396Gulieva N. Social Implications of Globalization in Iran. [Electronic resource].

— Mode of access:http://www.academia.edu/11104050/Social_Implications_of_Globalization_in_Iran126exposure and bodywork. The confidence interval of more than 99 percent provesthat globalized media represents new images of physical beauty and encouragesthe audience, mainly women to follow these ideals397. It suggests that theglobalized media overloaded by consumerist and individualistic messages infusesthe receivers an idea of body dissatisfaction and introduces ways to overcome it 398.The consumption of beauty products fulfills the desire of producers while it addsto the greed of the consumers to desire for the illusionary beauty manifested byvarious beauty images.Most watched Satellite TV channels in Iran include "Manoto", Gem TV, andFarsi 1399.

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