диссертация (1169135), страница 21

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1991. [Electronicresource]. — Mode of access: http://www.Senet.Ucla.edu/soc/groups/ccsa/ghetanchi.htm 1-13.91-22 ‫ صص‬2973،‫ تهران‬،‫ ویژه زنان‬،‫ سال ششم‬،‫ فرهنگ توسعه‬،"‫ "زن ایرانی یک مسئله ی سیاسی است‬،‫ سهیال‬،‫شهشهانی‬308Shahshahani S. The Iranian Woman is a Political Issue. Farhang-e Towse’eh, vol. 6, Special issue for women,Tehran, 1997. pp.

14-32.87thoughts were limited, on the one hand. And with the approval of the compulsoryIslamic hijab by the Majlis of the Islamic Council (the parliament) in 1981, themajority of female social and cultural activists in Iran who leaned towards theWestern cultural thoughts or were associated with Communist thoughts put an endto their activities.During the Iran-Iraq war (1981-1989) and then the period of the economic,social and political reconstructions in Iran, women’s cultural and social activitiesin Iran were not seriously considered309. However, after the election of SeyyedMohammad Khatami as the president in 1997 and the rise of the reformist and civilsociety discourse in Iran, which was followed by Iran joining the Convention onthe Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),women’s cultural and social activities came under the spotlight again.

Along theselines, the “Center for the Participation of Women Affairs” was founded at thedecree of the president, and one of its main tasks was to introduce women’s issuesand gender contents into the Fourth Development Plan in Iran310.On December 7, 1998, Mohammad Khatami announced in Sharif Universityof Technology that 51 percent of people who were admitted to university throughthe entrance exam for governmental universities were women and girls. So,perhaps women’s influence on social and political developments of Iran was takeninto account then. In the first nation-wide elections of the councils of cities andvillages after the Islamic revolution, which were held in 1998, women could obtainone-third of the main positions of city councils.

In all the centers of provinces,except for Ilam, Sanandaj, and Yasuj, women were elected as main members ofcity councils. After the elections, in 109 cities, 114 women were elected for citycouncils as first or second winners. In 176 cities, at least one woman, in 48 cities‫ صص‬،2935 ‫ زمستان‬، 57 ‫ شماره‬، ‫ فصلنامه علوم اجتماعي‬،‫ بررسی تطبیقی وضعیت اجتماعی زنان در دولت های دو دهه اخیر‬،‫ امینی سعیده‬309.223-223Amini S. A Comparative Study of the Social Condition of Women in the Governments of the Last Two Decades.Faslname-ye Olum-e Ejtema’i, Vol.

61, 2003. pp. 217-238..198-127 ‫ صص‬،2981 ،32 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران‬،‫ زنان در عرصه عمومی‬،‫ کوالیی الهه‬310Kulaee E. Women in Public Domains. Majalle-ye Daneshkade-ye Hoquq va Olum-e Siyasi-ye Daneshgah-e Tehran,vol. 61, 2003. pp. 217-238.88two women, in 8 cities three women, and in one city four women were the mainmembers of councils elected by people. In a village around Kahnuj in KermanProvince, all main and substitutive members of the village council were women311.According to a survey, the political administration of women at a middlelevel was promoted, their cultural and social activities expanded, governmentaland non-governmental organizations devoted to women’s social and culturalactivities were reinforced, and gender contents were introduced into the FourthDevelopment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

However, against all theseattempts women’s cultural and social activities were still limited in comparison tomen’s—women could not independently take over their own activities yet312.During the second term of president Ahmadinejad, in a remarkable changein comparison to his first term, great attempts were made to change the approachto women. The attempts to permit women’s presence in sports stadiums, leniencewith respect to the enforcement of the hijab law, and the introduction of a womenminister were some of the provocative and noisy actions of the head of the 9 th andthe 10th governments.

In his first term, he emphasized on the presence of women athome to the extent that he proposed the decrease of women’s working hours tohighlight their role at home, but in his second term as president, he remarkablychanged his outlook by introducing woman ministers to the parliament.This action was followed by critical responses on the part of religiousinstitutions and great Shiite scholars. However, of the three women he introducedto the parliament, only Marziyeh Vahid Dastjerdi could be approved byrepresentatives because of her positive and successful executive experiences, soshe became part of an otherwise fully male cabinet..1121 ‫ اكتبر‬23 ،‫ سایت بی بی سی نیوز‬،‫ وضعیت زنان در دوران ریاست جمهوری دمحم خاتمی‬،‫ بنی یعقوب ژیال‬311Bani Ya’qub J. Women’s Condition during the Presidency of Mohammad Khatami.

BBC PERSIAN News,10.08.2005. [Electronic resource]. — Mode of access: http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/ 2005/08/050810_pmwomen-khatami.shtml.99-2 ‫ صص‬، 2931 ،2 ‫ شماره‬،‫ تحقیقات زنان‬،)2983-2975 ( ‫ مشارکت زنان در جمهوري اسالمی ایران‬،‫ مصفا نسرین‬،‫ عباس نیا اکرم‬312Abbasnia A. Women’s Participation in the Islamic Republic of Iran 1996-2007. Tahqiqat-e Zanan, vol. 1, 2011. pp.1-33.89In this period, the “National Campaign for Woman and Family” wasfounded for the purpose of preventing the collapse of families, decrease andcontrol of harms, and decrease of the consequences of divorce in the country. TheCenter for Women Affairs approved bills such as insurance for mahr, women’swork from home, extension of women’s birth-giving leave from three months tonine months, and the employment of two women for the same position as part-timeemployees with half of the salary and other advantages.

Other bills that wereseriously considered in this center included the policies regarding the populationincrease and proposals to motivate more pregnancies. Also, for every child, oneyear was added to female employee’s total years of work.People in charge of this center also approved a bill according to whichfemale students who gave birth to a baby could be given three years of leave fromthe university. The center’s bill for “the decrease of female employees’ workinghours from 44 hours to 36 hours per week” was approved by the board ofministers.In this period, we see a remarkable growth in the number of senior femaleadministrators in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

They include Fatemeh Bodaghi, themember of the board of the supervisors of the enforcement of the Constitution;Nasrin Soltankhah, the Science and Technology Deputy of the President; MinuKiyanirad, the Currency Deputy of the Central Bank of Iran; Azadeh Kiyani, thehead of the Iranian National Museum; Farahnaz Torkestani, the head of theOrganization of the Youth Affairs for a short time; Maryam Mojtahedzadeh, thehead of the Center of Women Affairs in the government of MahmoudAhmadinejad313.In their assessment of the measures taken by Ahmadinejad’s government tochange the condition of women, some women activists believe that the majority of.2931 ‫ شهریور‬21 ،‫ سایت تحلیلی خبری عصر ایران‬،‫ احمدینژاد و روحانی‬،‫سهم زنان از دولتهای خاتمی‬313Women’s Shares from the Governments of Khtamai, Ahmadinejad, and Rouhani.

News analytic site "Asr-e Iran"01.09.2013. [Electronic resource]. — Mode of access: http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/293663/90such actions were in line with the populist policies of his government. Theybelieved that these measures led to considerable gender discriminations, such asthe promotion of plans for women to work from home, their early retirement, theincrease of their leaves, the decrease of their working hours, giving priority to theirroles as wives and mothers, and new policies of family planning. To undo suchactions is time-consuming and has, in fact, made it harder for activists for womenrights to realize gender equalities314.With the government of Hassan Rouhani, populist mottos faded, and onlysome senior management roles were assigned to women.

During his first term aspresident, no considerable action was made to bring cultural and social changes forwomen, and only the previous procedures were implemented. In the second term,the most important promise made by the 11th government in the cultural and socialdomain was the fight against gender inequalities. In his campaigns during theelections for the second term, Rouhani emphasized on the significant position ofwomen, proposing the establishment of the “Ministry of Women” to realize hispromises. However, two years after this proposal, there is hint of the actualizationof this promise in the cabinet, and we still see the absence of women in importantdomains of decision-making.According to the Deputy of the President in Women and Family Affairs,since the victory of the Islamic Revolution until 2016, 18 political, social andcultural organizations of women were granted official permissions, including:“Society of the Women of Islamic Revolution of Iran” with Azam Taleqanias its secretary general: She was the daughter of an intellectual and social leader ofIran during the Islamic Revolution.

With respect to organizational activities, this isregarded as one of the few organizations that has survived since its foundation in1979 until the present day to continue its limited activities..2931 ‫ تیرماه‬13 ،‫ زمانه‬،‫ کاهش قدرت زنان در دولت احمدینژاد‬،‫حسینخواه مریم‬314Hosseinkhah M. Weakening of women's power in Ahmadinejad's government.

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