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National Research University –Higher School of EconomicsSt. Petersburg School of Social Sciences and HumanitiesAs a manuscriptIrina LisovskayaEveryday Practices and Scenarios for The Reintegration and Resocializationof “Trouble” Adolescents in RussiaThesis Summary for the purpose of obtaining PhD in Sociology HSEAcademic supervisor:Doctor of science in sociologyElena L. OmelchenkoMoscow, 20192Relevance.In the Russian practice of juvenile justice there is no law on juvenile courts.In Russia there are isolated institutions for adolescents who have committed a crime.Mary McAuley emphasizes several problems of juvenile justice in the RussianFederation.
These issues include: lack of juvenile-oriented legislation, ineffectivesystem of work and rehabilitation with troublesome adolescents and the absence ofvarious probation services and alternative sanctions for juvenile delinquency. Pilotprojects of juvenile justice failed in Russia due to staff and rightful issues[Goloviznina, Danilova, Lihtenshtejn, 2006]. At present time there are attempts todifferentiate juvenile justice in some Russian regions.
However, there are problemswith the implementation of projects and legislative initiatives to create an effectivejuvenile justice system in Russia. [Muravyeva, 2017]. One of the reasons is theconservative views of Russian society and authorities. In Russia, there is a complexand fragmented system of social support institutions, which can be an alternative tothe imprisonment of adolescents who have committed a criminal offense. Thissystem includes two actors: civil society and the public sector. Organizationsworking with troublesome adolescents are regulated by a number of Federal laws,local normative acts and administrative orders.
1In Russia there are specialeducational institutions of open type, special educational institutions of closed type 2were established an individual approach to troublesome adolescents. Theseinstitutionsarealternativetocriminalliability,incases wherethetroublesome adolescents cannot bear it3.
Referral to institutions is carried out by acourt decision, for a period of not more than 3 years and involves the isolation ofThe Federal law" on education in the Russian Federation " of 29.12.2012 No.273, The Federal Law «About bases ofsystem of prevention of neglect and offenses of minors» of the Russian Federation of 24.06.1999. No.120-FZ.2 Chapter 3. Article 15 The Federal law «About bases of system of prevention of neglect and offenses of minors " of24.06.1999. No.120-FZ.3 According to the Federal law of 27 June 2018 No 170-FZ "about modification of the Federal law" on bases of systemof prevention of neglect and offenses of minors", articles 22 and 66 of the Federal law" on education in the RussianFederation «About recognition become invalid for separate legal acts (provisions of legal acts) of RSFSR and theRussian Federation» Art.
4 the name special educational institution for adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous)behavior will be renamed into special educational institution for the purpose of the best improvement of further lifeof pupils.13adolescents. The researchers note that in these institutions the adolescents undergoesa complex adaptation caused by coercive measures and the restriction of the freedomof choice [Leus, Sidorov, Solov'ev, 2008]. Educational institutions of open type donot create isolation of adolescents. Educational institutions of open type create theirregime services for the control and education of adolescents.
Adolescents are sentthere not by a court decision, but by recommendation of commission for cases ofminors and Psychological, medical and pedagogical Commission. Referral oftroublesome adolescents to special open-type institutions is carried out forsystematic offenses which do not include criminal liability, non-attendance of asecondary school for a long time, neglect and other reasons. These institutions alsohave a special pedagogical approach to the adolescents and carry out variousreintegration and re-socialization programs aimed at the «return» of thetroublesome adolescents into the society and the restoration of social status.Researchers [Sidorov, Bondarenko, 2012] highlighted that the legislative languagethat define the functions of these institutions provides little information about theiractivities.
The General «portrait» of such adolescents includes the followingcharacteristics: the presence of one or more chronic diseases, significant gaps inknowledge of the school curriculum; difficult life situation in the family or sociallydangerous situation; poor vocabulary. Adolescent in these institutions tries to take apassive-performingpositionintheperformanceofdifferentgoals.Troublesome adolescents are on the account of the Commission on Affairs of minorsand protection of their rights, drink alcohol, psychoactive substances [Sidorov,Bondarenko, 2012: 65]. Special institutions of open type work on the principles ofrestorative approach.
This approach can be an alternative to the punitive approach.However, the opportunity to get into this institution is very limited compared toclosed institutions. In Russia, there are about 20 open-type institutions and 48closed-type institutions as of 2015 statistics [Modern structural, science-based...,2015]. Open-type institutions are not represented in every region. In Russia, thereare a number of state rehabilitation and correctional organizations.
Referral to theseorganizations is carried out by decision of Psychological, medical and pedagogical4Commission. This state rehabilitation and correctional organizations created foradolescents expelled from educational institutions and committed crimes. Theseorganizations are practically not mentioned in the system created on the basis ofclassification of the Federal law " The Federal Law «About bases of system ofprevention of neglect and offenses of minors»of the Russian Federation of24.06.1999.
No.120-FZ. Another type of social support organizations is representedby the civil society sector4. These organizations are not officially included in theclassification of the open- closed type institutions, but perform similar functions andtasks with respect to their pupils.
One of the goals of all organizations is therehabilitation,re-socializationand reintegrationof adolescents. Everydayinteractions, the experience of adolescents in all organizations are varied.Organizations carry out policy aimed at restoring the social status of adolescents inthe society. Organizations are not isolated and do not restrict the freedom of choiceof the adolescent, but have different modes (regimes).
Every organization has aunique everyday life. The experience of the social group of adolescents studying andbrought up in social support organizations is transformed under the influence ofvarious regimes and factors. Everyday life of adolescents and interactions are thesituational models of behavior most common for each scenario. The social group ofadolescents can form the dense social capital or remain open structure with variousmicro societies and hierarchies. All the variations of the actions of adolescents aredetermined by the situation and conditions (factors) in different social environment.Thus, various scenarios of re-socialization and reintegration of adolescents areformed. The focus of the dissertation research is the everyday life and everydaypractices of adolescents studying in different social support organizations.The main mission of educational institutions of the open type is «to create a set of conditions for sustainable personalgrowth of participants in educational activities », and the purpose of activities: «implementation of psychological andsocial rehabilitation of children and adolescents with deviant behavior, including the correction of their behavior andadaptation in society...»[Public report..., 2017: 2 – 3].
The objectives of the correctional school is the implementatio nof education on adapted programs, correction of pedagogical neglect, behavior and other deviations, as well as thecreation of a comfortable and safe environment for personal development, their adaptation and integration in society[the Charter of the correctional school...]. The purpose of a non -profit organization providing social and culturalservices (on the example of a social circus) is to provide services aimed at the implementation of circus activities, aswell as the socialization of troublesome adolescents , their reintegration into society, improving their position [Charterof a non-profit organization...].45Literature review:Adolescence age as a concept was defined in the works of Stanley Hall [Hall,1983]. Initially, adolescence was considered as a special period between childhoodand adulthood, determined in terms of psychological characteristics of the individualand age chronology.
The work of S. Hall «Adolescence» is the starting point in thestudies of adolescence. Physiological approach to the study of adolescence focuseson the study of changes in the human body in adolescence. Physiological approachreplaced the functionalism [Parsons, 1942; Eisenstadt, 1971]. C. Griffin criticizesphysiological and functionalist approaches. In work «Representation of Youth. TheStudy of Youth and Adolescence in Britain and America» [Griffin, 1993] notes thatfor a more accurate definition of adolescents, it is necessary to break the conditionalpatterns of definition. Griffin associates with adolescence various constructions anddiscourses of «normal» and «deviant» in the period of growing up of a young manand cultural and family practices in which childhood and youth takes place.Researcher H. Fine [Fine, 2004] defines adolescence as a separate phase oflife, which is characterized by social and cultural needs.
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