Н.Э. Шарабарина, Л.В. Кулик - English for Junior Students of the Humanities - Unit 2 (1110503), страница 6
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Old EnglishYou are now going to hear a lecture divided into sections to help you understand it. Asyou listen, answer the question below.Section 1.a) How old is the English language ?b) Who invaded the island of Britain in 499 AD ?c) When did ancient Bretons build Stonehenge ?d) Where were native Celts and Romans driven to ?e) From what does the name Englaland come ?f) What is the origin of the name Englaland ?g) Who invaded Britain about 700 AD ?Section 2.a) How long did the fighting with the Anglo-Saxons last ?b) What agreement did Vikings come to with the Saxon King, Alfred the Great?c) What language did the Scandinavians speak ?d) How did bilingual England become the country of one language which we now callthe Old English?Section 3.What kind of a language was Old English?Note down all characteristic features of Old English the lecturer mentions.23Section 4.Are these statements correct or incorrect?a) Most of Old English is intelligible today.b) The epic poem " Beowulf " was written in the 8th century.c) "Beowulf" is 3,000 lines long.Listen to the lecture again and take notes.
The questions you have already answered willhelp you do this. After that make a short oral summary of the lecture.PART 2. Middle EnglishYou are now going to hear a lecture divided into sections to help you understand it. Asyou listen, answer the question below.Section 1.a) What was the last invasion in English history ?b) Who was the invading force ?c) What kind of language did Norman French become ?d) What happened in the course of 3000 years ?Section 2.How did Norman French influence the English language ?Section 3.a) What kind of phrases appeared in the language due to the fact that England wasbilingual?b) What do we call Middle English ?c) Who was the first great English poet ?d) What is his best known work ?Section 4.a) Complete the following statements correctly .The printing press arrived in England in ...1.
the 13th century2. the 14th century3. the 15th centuryb) Who was the first printer ?c) What is his contribution to the development of English ?Listen to the lecture again and take notes. The questions you have already answered willhelp you do this. After that make a short oral summary of the lecture.PART3. The RenaissanceYou are now going to hear a lecture divided into sections to help you understand it.As you listen, answer the question below.24Section 1.a) What did the Renaissance bring about ?b) What was poured into the English language at this time ?c) Note down the examples provided by the lecturer.Section 2.a) What influenced the English language most ?b) What is the mystery of W.
Shakespeare ?Section 3.a) What was Shakespeare's contribution to the language ?b) How can we characterize Shakespeare's poetical genious ?Listen to the lecture again and take notes. The questions you have already answered willhelp you do this. After that make a short oral summary of the lecture.PART 4.Modern EnglishYou are now going to hear a lecture divided into sections to help you understand it.As you listen, answer the question below.Section 1.a) What was the second great influence on the English language ?b) What did the Bible give the language ?c) Who wrote the version of the Bible ?d) What year do we consider to be the beginning of modern English ?e) What kind of language was English by the 17th century ?Section 2.What was the late 17th century characterized by ?Section 3.a) How can we describe the 18th century?b) What do you learn about R.B.
Sheridan ?c) Were elegant speech and writing confined only to the theater ?Section 4.a) What did the Victorian period give the English language ?b) Why do we consider Charles Dickens the foremost novelist of the Englishlanguage?c) What was this period also famous for ?d) Who wrote one of the greatest comedies of the English language ?Listen to the lecture again and take notes. The questions you have already answered willhelp you to do this. After that make a short oral summary of the lecture.25SUMMARIZINGThere are various types of summary you may need to make during your course.Three main types can by distinguished:1.It may be satisfactory for your needs to summarize a text in only one or two sentences.A short summary like this may be needed, for example, for the abstract of a short essayor an article you have written.2.
A more detailed summary may be necessary. For example, you may need to summarizethe entire content of an article you are reading. This is called global summary.3. You may need to summarize only some of the information in a text. Such a selectivesummary may involve the extraction of relevant information from a large body ofprose.In a summary you should not include your own opinions or extra information on the topicwhich is not in the text you have read. You are summarizing only the writer's information.Also take care not to include details of secondary importance.Characteristics of an effective summary1.2.3.4.5.The same order of facts and ideas as the original.Similar wording to the original with occasional phrases exactly the same.Different sentence patterns from the original.Simpler vocabulary than the original.Identification of key points in the original.
________________________Important steps in writing an effective summaryQuickly read through the text to gain an impression of the information, its content andits relevance to your work; underline \ highlight the main points as you read.Re -read the text making notes of the main points.Arrange them in the form of a plan or a flow chart. Put away the original andsummarize your notes in your own words.Begin your summary. Restate the main idea at the beginning of your summary,indicating where your information is from.Develop other major points.Change the order of the points if necessary to make the construction more logical.Re-read the work to check that you have included all the important information clearlyand expressed it as economically as possible.26EXERCISE 1Read the text.
Make up the list of dates and historic eventswhich illustrate the development of the English language.The dawn of English500BC - 1066ADAbout 2,500 years ago a tribe called the Celts arrived in the British Isles. They came fromEurope and spoke a language we now call Celtic.By the time the Romans invaded in 55 ВС a number of Celtic languages had developed. Forthe next 500 years the Romans tried hard to take over the country and its language.The Romans spoke Latin.
They built camps in various parts of Britain. A great many Latinwords found their way into the English language, either at this time or later. The wordEngland, later shortened to England, started to be used in about 1000AD. By now several newgroups of people had invaded. The best-known of the invaders were the Angles and theSaxons who landed in 700AD. We call the language which they spoke Anglo-Saxon or OldEnglish.1066 and all that1066AD-1400ADIn 1066AD the Normans invaded. They came from Normandy in France and broughttheir language with them. Although ordinary people continued to use English, the up-andcoming middle classes all adopted French as their language. To get on in society it becameessential to speak French. As a result of this a new language began to be formed. Slowly OldEnglish and French merged together into something which we now call Middle English.Hot off the press1400AD - 1800ADThe next big change came about because of an invention the printing press.
In 1476William Caxton started printing books in London. But he faced a major problem. People wholived in different parts of the country spoke English in their own different ways. They useddifferent words to describe the same things and the way those words were put together in asentence depended on what part of the country they were in.When Caxton came to print what people said or wrote he had to choose his words anddecide how to spell them. He took the easy way out: he nearly always chose his own dialect,the dialect .of London and the East Midlands.The increase in the number of printed books and pamphlets meant that gradually spellingwas becoming standardised.Now here is the news from the BBC1800AD-the present dayIn the last two centuries technology has really left its mark on our language.
Newspapers,mass-produced books, libraries, films, radio and finally television have all played their part.New words have come into the language from all over the world. Words such as radar or laserhave been invented to describe new inventions. Fashions have come and gone at great speedleaving such words as punk, heavy metal, house music or rave behind them.(from Profile UK by Alan C. McLean)27EXERCISE 2Identify the key points of the text using the word-combinationsgiven in Vocabulary Box..ИСТОРИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКАС давних времен на Британских островах проживали кельты.
В V—VI вв.вторгшиеся германские племена — англы, саксы, юты и фризы — принесли вБританию свои диалекты. В результате кельтские языки сохранились лишь вИрландии, Уэльсе, на полуострове Корнуолл и в Северной Шотландии (в нашевремя они и там потеснены английским, а в Корнуолле кельтский язык вымер вXVIII в.). На остальной части Британии сформировался древнеанглийский язык,относящийся к германским; его письменную разновидность иногда называютанглосаксонским языком.В 1066 г.
Англию завоевали вторгшиеся из-за Ла-Манша нормандцы во главе сВильгельмом I Завоевателем. Они говорили на старофранцузском. На целых тривека языком двора и администрации стал старофранцузский. Основным языкомкультуры и языком Церкви продолжал оставаться латинский, а по-английски в товремя говорил только простой народ, и на нем почти совсем не писали.Постепенно Англия всё более отдалялась от Франции, а в XIV в. между Англией иФранцией началась Столетняя война. Затеявший эту войну английский корольЭдуард III объявил языком администрации английский, к началу XV в. на нём сталиговорить и при дворе. В эти десятилетия на основе лондонского диалекта появиласьанглоязычная литература, первым крупным писателем стал Джефри Чосер (около1340—1400). Язык того времени, именуемый среднеанглийским, значительноотличался от англосаксонского. В нём появилось много слов французскогопроисхождения, а грамматическая система значительно изменилась: исчезлипадежные окончания, проще стало спряжение.
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