Book 2 Listening (1108796), страница 4
Текст из файла (страница 4)
As ab) Science and Technology in Japan led by Shinjiro Ogita engineered seedlings of Coffea canephora inс) plants described here should yield coffee beans that are essentially normal apart from their lowd) decaffeinated coffee straight from the plant. Researchers report today in the journal Nature that theire) Three enzymes are involved in making caffeine in coffee plants. Researchers at the Nara Institute off) technique to C. arabica plants, which produce the high-quality Arabica coffee that accounts for 70g) expensive and sometimes compromise flavor.
But scientists may have come up with a way to geth) decaffeination, in which solvents flush caffeine from the beans. Their next step is to apply theiri) which expression of the gene controlling one of these enzymes--theobromine synthase, orj) exhibited a 50 to 70 percent reduction in caffeine content. According to the report, "the transgenick) caffeine content at maturity."l) genetically modified coffee plants have 70 percent less caffeine than regular plants do.m) The scientists note that their technique could sidestep some of the problems of industrialn) result, processes have been developed to remove the compound, although current methods areo) CaMXMT1--was repressed. Compared with regular plants, leaves from one-year-old GM plantsp) percent of the world market.
Of course, it remains to be seen if java lovers will embrace "GM joe." (FromScientific American, June 19, 2003)Text A. Salt-tolerant riceExercise 2. What do you know about genetically modified organisms – plantsand animals? Discuss the questions:1. Why do people produce GM organisms?2. What methods are currently employed to produce them?20flood – потоп, наводнениеrice paddy – орошаемое рисовое полеto thrive – успешно произрастать, благоденствоватьsaline, briny – соляной, засоленныйgrain – зерно, крупинка, частицаExercise 3.
Listen to the text (Script 18) to learn about a new method ofproducing genetically modified rice.Exercise 4. What do the following figures refer to in the text:600 seeds250 seedsa third50 grains24,000 hectaresten and 100 times30 secondsExercise 5. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:1. Why can we consider all crops genetically modified?2. Why is salinity a problem for growing rice?3. What method did Dr Abe use to produce salt-tolerant rice?4. What are the advantages of this method over the currently used ones?Text B.
Decaffeinating wasteExercise 6. Discuss the following questions:1. What groups of people should prefer decaffeinated coffee?2. What decaffeination techniques do you know?3. What are the downsides of decaffeinating coffee?4. Why may it be necessary to decaffeinate coffee waste?revenue – выручка, доходto subtract – вычитатьpatch – участок, кусок, лоскутExercise 7. Listen to the text (Script 19) and describe a new method ofdecaffeinating coffee waste.Exercise 8. Listen to the text again and and say if the following statements aretrue or false according to the text, or no information is given. Correct the false ones.1.
Caffeine stimulates plant growth.2. Coffee waste decaffeination may increase profits of coffee industry.3. Viruses and bacteria have been known to efficiently break down caffeine.4. The team genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida to break down caffeine moreefficiently.5.
The team chose Escherichia coli for its chemical properties.6. The team used a specific strain of E. coli lacking the gene involved in guaninesynthesis to be able to check if gene transfer was successful.7. Genetically engineered E. coli didn’t reproduce in the presence of caffeine whichconfirmed that the transferred gene cluster worked.8. The team genetically modified Janthinobacterium to fix the problem.9. Caffeine-decomposing bacteria are ready to be applied on an industrial scale.21Text С. High-tech farmingExercise 9.
What do you know about modern methods of agriculture? Discussthe questions:1. What technological and scientific advances are employed by modern farmers?2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern agricultural technologies –hydroponics, organic farming, stock-free agriculture, etc.?3. How can they affect the future of food supply?pristine – нетронутый, первозданныйeerily – пугающеwarehouse – складlettuce – салат-латукkale - капустаbasil - базиликchive – шнит-лукto coddle – ухаживать, баловатьcrisp – хрустящийExercise 10. Listen to the text (Script 20) and describe how LEDs can enhanceagricultural production.Exercise 11.
Listen to the text again and using information from the text provethat:1. The plants grown by Green Sense Farms experience perfect growth conditions.2. Artificial light has many advantages over the sun’s light.3. Indoor farming has many advantages over traditional field technology.4. LED light confers more benefits compared with traditional, fluorescent, growing light.5. Similar farms will not be equally efficient for growing corn or potatoes.6. Indoor farming holds great promise for the future of agriculture.22Unit 9. Human Genetics and DiversityLexics: Molecular genetics / Developmental biology / Cell biology / AnthropologyListening. 4 textsExercise 1. (Corresponds to exercise 7 in Book I). In the following text the linesare mixed up.
Put them in the correct logical order.Genetic Study Reveals Similarities between Diverse PopulationsBy Sarah Grahama) segments of DNA that occur in specific patterns. "Each microsatellite had between four and 32b) differences between human groups-such as skin color and skull shape-result from differences in aс) journal Science suggests that 93 to 95 percent of human genetic variation exists among individualsd) Marcus M. Feldman of Stanford University and his colleagues analyzed samples from 1,056 peoplee) very small proportion of genetic traits."f) variation. But the findings also reveal that even these tiny differences alone can provide enoughg) only a tiny fraction of genetic traits are distinctive to specific populations.
This means that visibleh) belonging to 52 populations. Specifically, they looked at 377 so-called microsatellites, shorti) Though they may speak different languages and eat distinct foods, people from far-flungj) within populations, while differences among major groups make up less than 5 percent of thek) distinct types," Feldman says. "Most were found in people from several continents, suggesting thatl) geographical locations are genetically very similar, researchers say. A report published today in them) information to group people by population.(From Scientific American Online, December 20, 2002)Text A.
EvolutionExercise 2. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:1. Who is Francis Crick and what is his contribution to molecular biology?2. What is the central dogma of molecular biology?3. What functions do ion channels perform in cell membranes?4. What is RNA editing and how does it function?ambient – окружающий, внешнийto alter – изменять, переделыватьExercise 3. Listen to the text (Script 21) to check your answers in Exercise 1.What example of RNA editing has been revealed?Execrsie 4. Listen to the text again and answer the questions:1.
What hypothesis on gene regulation of ion channels did Dr Garrett and MsRosenthal have before the investigation?2. Was it correct?3. What is the significance of this particular investigation?4. How does RNA editing correlate with the evolutionary theory and the central dogmaof molecular biology?23Text B. The nature of manExercise 5.
Before listening to the text answer the following questions:1. What amount of genetic material is common between humans and other mammals?2. What amount of genetic material is common between humans and other primates?3. What amount of genetic material is uniquely human?4.
What functions do non-coding segments perform in the genome?Exercse 6. What do you know about the following:a. ENCODE project;b. 1000 genome project;c. purifying selection.sleuthing – расследованиеtelltale – указательto be on the straight and narrow – стоять на верном путиproprietary – собственный, частныйto constrain – закреплять, связывать, сдерживатьcone cell – колбочка сетчатки глазаExercise 7.
Listen to the text (Script 22) to check your answers in Exercise 5 andExercise 6. What areas of genome were identified as «particularly human» and why?What are they responsible for?Text C. Tibetan geneticsExercise 8. What do you know about the following:a) the plateau of Tibet,b) Neanderthals,с) Denisovans.hermit – отшельникsticky – вязкий, клейкийto clot – свертыватьсяExercise 9. Listen to the text (Script 23) to check your answers in Exercise 8.What genetic feature accounts for Tibetan acclimatization to high altitude?Exercise 10. Listen to the text again.
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