Book 2 Listening (1108796), страница 3
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What do people and cetaceans have in common?3. Do you think animals should enjoy some inalienable rights just as humans do?civil rights – гражданские праваto confer – предоставлять, даровать, обеспечиватьself-awareness – самосознание, самоосмыслениеcontroversial – спорный, вызывающий полемикуspindle cell – веретенообразная клеткаpod – группа китовExercise 8. Listen to the text (Script 11) to find out why some scientists thinkthat cetaceans can be afforded special rights.Exercise 9. Listen to the text again. Who are the following scientists and whatpoints of view do they present in the text:- Lori Marino of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia;- Thomas White of Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles;- Chris Butler-Stroud of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society in Britain;- Kari Koski of the Whale Museum in San Juan Island, Washington state;- Australian philosopher Peter Singer.Exercise 10.
Discuss the following questions using information from the text:1. What arguments support the proposition that whales – or some other mammals aswell – should be given rights?2. What examples do you know of animals being afforded some rights?3. Do you support the proposition that animals should be given rights?14Unit 6. BrainLexics: Neurobiology / Molecular neurology / Neurodegenerative diseasesListening.
3 textsText A. Diagnosing dementiaExercise 1. What do you know about Alzheimer’s disease? Answer thequestions:1. What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?2. Why is it difficult to diagnose and treat?3. What are the prospects for Alzheimer’s patients?to administer drugs / treatment – применять, вводить лекарственные препараты,осуществлять лечениеplaque – бляшка; пятноto turn out – производить, вырабатыватьExercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 12) to find out about a new method of earlyAlzheimer’s diagnostics.Exercise 3.
Listen to the text again and explain what the following figures referto in the text:1) 55) 19952) 60-906) 1997-19993) 10777) 60%4) 438) 2002-2004Exercise 4. Using information from the text answer the questions:1. What research of dementia was conducted?2. Why are its conclusions applicable to women only?3. What discrepancy in the results was revealed?4. How was it interpreted?Text B. Growing model brainsExercise 5.
Discuss the following questions:1. What are the ethical issues of neurological research?2. What are the technical and methodological challenges of studying the brain?3. Why neurology is said to be one of the most challenging research fields?Exercise 6. Explain the following terms:regenerative medicinecortexinduced pluripotent cellsventricleendoderm / mesoderm / ectodermcerebrospinal fluidmeningedesiderata – искомое, желаемое, недостающееchoroid plexuses – хороидное сплетение, сосудистое сплетение15Exercise 7. Listen to the first part of the text (Script 13.1) presenting a newdevelopment which may facilitate neurological research and describe why and howthe organoid was produced.Exercise 8.
Listen to the text again and put the stages of the experiment in thecorrect order. Describe each stage in detail:a. The droplets of gel floated in a nutrient broth in a gently rotating bioreactor.b. Stem cells / induced pluripotent cells were obtained.c.
Ectodermal cells were put into droplets of gel.d. The organoid grew for a year.e. Scientists observed evidence of retina, meninges and hippocampal cells in theorganoid.f. The organoid developed some regions similar to those in a real brain.g. The organoid developed neurons.Exercise 9. Listen to the second part of the text (Script 13.2) and describepotential applications of artificial brains.Exercise 10. Listen again and prove the following statements using informationfrom the text:1. Currently the organoid is the only possible way that allows to study microcephaly.2. Microcephaly is a severe developmental condition.3. Investigation of neurological conditions may help to develop therapies.4.
The organoid holds promise for further research.Text C. Genes and intelligenceExercise 11. What do you know about the neural bases of intelligence? Discussthe following questions:1. What is a cognitive process from the biological point of view? What happens in thebrain when people think?2. Which brain structures are responsible for some of the cognitive abilities, such asdecision-making, memory, perception, empathy, etc.?3.
How do genetic variations influence cognitive abilities and intelligence level?4. Is it possible to enhance cognitive abilities by altering brain’s biology (with drugs,foods, physical exercise or various cognitive training)?to curb – ограничивать, сдерживатьto halt – остановить, прекратитьfluke – случайная удача, несостоятельность, обманto rest on one’s laurels – почивать на лаврахmurine – мышиныйmaze – лабиринтExercise 12. Listen to the first part of the text (Script 14.1) which explores thepossibility of enhancing cognitive faculties.
How may the new discovery make itpossible?Exercise 13. Listen to the text again and explain what the following figures referto in the text:6a fifth52-853%2200.5%16718Exercise 14. Answer the questions using information from the text:1. What is the correlation between KL, klotho and KL-VS?2. What is KL-VS responsible for in the human body?3. What studies revealed brain-boosting properties of KL-VS?4. Are there any other genes that can produce the same effect?Exercise 15. Listen to the second part of the text (Script 14.2) and say if thefollowing statements are true or false according to the text.
Correct the false ones.1. Although flukey correlations between a gene and a human trait are common this isnot one of them2. Mice with murine equivalent of KL-VS to the genomes performed much better thanregular mice at learning and memory tests.3. Genetically engineered mice displayed differences from regular mice in the structureof their synapses4. Glutamate stimulation of NMDA is believed to be the basis of memory.5.
The team genetically engineered mice to double the number of NMDA receptors inthe their hippocampuses and frontal cortices.6. GluN2B levels affect cognitive performance and memory.7. Ifenprodil blocks GluN2B thus eliminating the genetically engineered mice’sadvantage.8. Experiments demonstrated that klotho enhances intellectual performance bystimulating NMDA receptors of the brain’s memory and learning circuits.9. A drug that elevates klotho levels might facilitate cognition for the elderly people.17Unit 7. SleepLexics: Neurobiology / Cognitive science / Somnology / Public healthListening.
3 textsText A. Children's intellectual developmentExercise 1. Before listening to the text discuss the following questions:1. How does sleep schedule affect mental condition and academic performance?2. What healthy sleep habits do you know?Exercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 15) which describes a new research intosleep habits and say what correlation was established between sleep patterns andacademic performance of children.Exercise 3. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are trueof false according to the text, or information was not given. Correct the false ones:1. Numerous studies provided reliable evidence to the connection between sleephabits and cognitive ability in adults and adolescents as well as in children.2. Inconsistent sleeping schedules do not significantly impact academic performance.3.
The Millennium Cohort Study is a long-term research project aimed at revealing thenature of sleep.4. The scientists collected information on bedtime habits of more than 11,000 childrenof various ages.5. Some facts about families as well as cognitive test results of the children were alsotaken into account.6. Being read to before sleep and having a television in the room affected mentalperformance of the children.7. The impact of regular bedtime turned out to be both age- and sex-dependent.Text B. How siestas help memoryExercise 4. What do you know about memory? Discuss the following questions:1.
What is memory consolidation?2. What is the difference between episodic and procedural memory?3. What is the role of hippocampus in memory formation? What other structures ofbrain are responsible for memory?to accrue – нарастать, накапливатьсяto deteriorate – ухудшаться, портитьсяnap, snooze – непродолжительный дневной сонgrogginess – нетвердость в ногах, неустойчивостьExercise 5. Listen to the text (Script 16) which explores the effects of sleep onmemory and check your answers in Exercise 1. Using information from the textexplain how a midday nap can enhance learning.Exercise 6. Listen to the text again and answer the questions:1.
What positive health effects of sleep are already known?182. What experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of a nap on memory?3. What processes occur in the brain during a nap?4. What stages does a nap consist of? How long does each stage last?5. What is sleep inertia? What other negative consequences of a nap are described?Text C. RestlessExercise 7. Listen to the text (Script 17) which describes some rare sleepdisorders. How does investigation of severe sleep disorders contribute to ourunderstanding of sleep?to twitch – резко дергатьto groan – стонатьto flail – молотить, битьcompelling – убедительный, вескийalien abduction – похищение инопланетянамиExercise 8. Listen to the text again.
Who are the following scientists and whatpoints of view do they present in the text:- Roberto Vetrugno of the University of Bologna,- Mark Mahowald of the University of Minnesota Medical School,- Jerry Siegel of the University of California, Los Angeles.Exercise 9. Using information from the text prove that:1. Permanent loss of sleep may accompany some severe neurodegenerativedisorders.2. The definition of sleep needs to be revised.3. Several conditions including narcolepsy support the new interpretation of sleep.4. Sleep is not necessary for memory consolidation.19Unit 8. CoffeeLexics: Botany / Agricultural science / Molecular biology / BioengineeringListening.
3 textsExercise 1. (Corresponds to exercise 6 in Book I). In the following text the linesare mixed up. Put them in the correct logical order. The first and the last lines are intheir correct places.Decaf Coffee Plants DevelopedBy Sarah Grahama) For many coffee lovers, their precious beverage comes with an unwanted ingredient: caffeine.
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