Book 2 Listening (1108796), страница 2
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Listen again to the first part of the text (Script 5.1) and insert themissing words:The experiment which ____________ this was following up the _________, made in2010 by a Chinese team, that when a tomato plant gets _________ with leaf blight, nearbyplants start ___________ genes that help ward the infection off - even if all __________between the plants in question has been __________. The researchers who __________this study knew that _________ fungi whose hyphae are symbiotic with tomatoes(_____________ them with minerals in exchange for food) also form a network __________one plant to another. They __________, though they could not prove, that __________signaling danger were __________ __________ this fungal network.Dr Johnson knew from his own _________ ________ that when broad-bean plantsare attacked by aphids they ____________ with volatile chemicals that both irritate theparasites and ____________ aphid-hunting wasps.
He did not know, though, whether themessage could ___________ tomato-like, from plant to plant. So he set out to ____________________- and to do so in a way which would show if fungi were the messengers.Exercise 4. Listen again to the second part of the text (Script 5.2) and put thestages of the experiment in the correct order. Describe each stage in detail:a. The central plant was infested with aphids.b. The scientists tested the chemicals on wasps and aphids.c. The scientists measured the amount of time.d. The scientists set up eight "mesocosms".9e. The beanstalks grew for four months.f. The beanstalks were covered with bags.g. One mesh was rotated.h.
The scientists collected the air inside the bags.i. The insects were placed in a two-chambered apparatus.j. The beanstalks were either surrounded by a mesh or left to grow freely.Exercise 5. What do the following figures refer to in the text:312 – 112114 – 314312Exercise 6. Answer the questions using information from the text:1.
What experiments demonstrated that plants could communicate even withoutairflow?2. How do plants spread the message of predator threat?3. What strategies can plants employ to ward off predators?4. How do plants and fungi benefit from the underground network?Text B. Magic mushroomsExercise 7. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:1. How can fungi affect human health?2.
What positive and negative effects do fungi produce in industry and agriculture?stiff – жесткий, твердыйcontentious – вызывающий споры, дискусионныйspell – отрезок времениwhite rot – белая гнильNorway spruce – ель обыкновеннаяsycamore – платанscaffolding – строительные лесаExercise 8. Listen to the text (Script 6) to find out about a new application offungi in industry.Exercise 9. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are trueor false according to the text or no information is given. Correct the false ones.1. Sound travels faster through soft wood infected with fungi making music better.2.
Generally fungal infection improves wood, making it softer and more suitable foruse.3. “Mycowood” is a fungal infection which damages trees.4. Stradivari and his group worked in the 18th century.5. To make violins Stadivari used various types of wood and chemical tratments.6. Cold climate enhances the required qualities of growing wood for violin making.7.
Both Physispminus vitreus and Xylaria longipes are pathogenic fungi.8. Both Physispminus vitreus and Xylaria longipes destroy wood.9. After killing fungal infection Dr Schwarze made violins from the treated wood.10. In a blind trial experts mistook the mycowood violin for the Strad.10Unit 4. BacteriaLexics: Microbiology / Public health / Infectious diseases / BioengineeringListening: 2 textsText A. Synthetic biologyExercise 1. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:1.
What is a biofilm? How does it form?2. Why do biofilms present an urgent problem in biology and medicine?Exercise 2. Explain the following terms: peptide, sepsis.missile – снарядbenign – безвредный, безобидныйpropensity – склонность, предрасположенностьto arm – вооружитьto tinker – поправить, починитьExercise 3.
Listen to the text (Script 7) to check your answers in Exercise 1.Describe a new method worked out to deal with biofilms.Exercise 4. Listen to the text again. Put the stages of the research in the correctorder. Describe each stage in detail.a. Genetically engineered E. coli proved to be effective against P. aernginosa biofilms.b. E. coli was engineered to release destructive antimicrobial peptides.c. E. coli’s food-detection system was modified.d. E.
coli was supplied with an enzyme called DNase I.Text B. BioengineeringExercise 5. What do you know about biofuels? Discuss the following questions:1. What is biofuel? What materials can be used to produce it?2. What methods have been developed so far to produce biofuel?3. What are the main obstacles to the wide use of biofuels?Exercise 6. Explain the following terms: cellulose, lignin.corn cob – початок кукурузыcorn husk – листовая обертка початка кукурузыcorn kernel – зерно кукурузыlandfill – свалка мусора, полигон для захоронения отходовfaeces / feces – экскрементыto tease out – выделять, отделятьadept – умелый, искусный11Exercise 7. Listen to the text (Script 8) which presents new findings in the fieldof microbiology.
How can these results be applied in biofuel production?Exercise 8. Listen to the text again and choose the answer that fits bestaccording to the text. Substantiate your choice.1. The feature that distinguishes giant pandas from other bears isa. the distinctive coloration of their fur.b. the food they consume.c.
their habitat.d. their mating habits.2. Breaking down cellulose and lignin to obtain nutrients requiresa. high temperature.b. extreme pressure.c. a lot of energy.d. all of the above.3. Using wastes like discarded corn cobs and husks instead of corn kernels to producebiofuel isa. more expensive.b. less expensive.c. less energy-consuming.d. more difficult.4. Biofuel production may be facilitated with the use ofa. bacterial enzymes.b. giant pandas.c. panda faeces.d. cellulose and lignin.5.
The team searched through microbial databases to identifya. animals that were most closely related to giant pandas.b. bacteria in panda faeces.c. bacteria that were most closely related to panda’s bacteria.d. microbial RNA.6. Dr Brown and her colleagues identifieda. 17 bacterial species that can digest lignin.b. 23 bacterial species that can digest lignin.c. 17 bacterial species that can digest cellulose.d. 6 bacterial species that can digest cellulose.7. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the identified bacteria were capable ofa.
breaking down energy-rich sugars.b. fermenting sugars into bioethanol or biodiesel.c. breaking down cellulose- and lignin-based materials.d. producing biofuel.8. Comercially using microbial enzymes to produce biofuel will requirea. saving giant pandas from extinction.b. a lot of investment.c. genetically modifying the identified bacteria.d. enhancing their performance.12Unit 5.
Domesticated animalsLexics: Zoology / Animal behavior / Animal science / Genetics / Bioengineering /Food scienceListening. 3 textsText A. Canine evolutionto tame – приручить, укротитьcanids – собачьиExercise 1. The following text (Script 9) correlates with Text A The Origin ofDogs (exercise 2, Book I, page 30) and provides more information about other studiesof domestic dog origin. Listen to the text and and say what the following figures referto in the text:1836,000-15,00031,000 and 8,50015,0004977410,000Exercise 2. Listen to the text again and compare the information given in thistext with the information in the reading passage.Exercise 3. Did the studies described obtain consistent results? How can youinterpret the conclusions of both studies?Text B.
Fish farmingExercise 4. Before listening to the text discuss what you know about selectivebreeding:1. animal breeding;2. plant breeding;3. selective breeding in aquaculture.impetus – побудительный мотивflounders - речная камбалаtrout - форельamberjack - лакедра (желтохвст)signpost – указательto swap – обмениватьpestilence – эпидемия, чумаExercise 5. Listen to the text (Script 10) to find out about a serious problem offish farming. How it was overcome?Exercise 6. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are trueor false according to the text or no information is given.
Correct the false ones.131. Grown together in large numbers fish quickly develop resistance to diseases.2. Scientists sequenced full genomes of the three species involved.3. Genetic signposts are inherited together with blocks of DNA from both parents.4. Genetic signposts determine the degree of gene expression.5. Genetic maps include information on which versions of which signposts areassociated with disease resistance.6.
Genetic maps present an efficient tool for breeding healthier fish.7. The new method combines genetic engineering with traditional selective breeding.8. Dr Sakamoto's research group has successfully applied the new method.Text C. Animal rightsExercise 7. Before listening to the text discuss the following questions:1. What features distinguish cetaceans from other mammals?2.
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