Book 2 Listening (1108796), страница 5
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Using information form the text answer thequestions:1. What facts suggest that ancient interbreeding of Homo sapiens with Neanderthalsand Denisovans may have beneficial effect?2. What modern ethnic groups contain Denisovan DNA?3. How does EPAS-1 help to acclimatise to high altitude?4. What is the downside of such acclimatization?5. What genetic feature protects Tibetans from it?6. Where did it come from? How quickly did it spread in Tibet?7.
What other ethnic groups contain the same version of EPAS-1? Why not?Text D. Gene TherapyExercise 11. What do you know about gene therapy? Discuss the questions:241. What is gene therapy? What is the difference between two main types of genetherapy - somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy?2. What currently used methods of gene therapy do you know?3. What technological hurdles hinder the development of this field?4. What ethical and legal issues are connected with gene therapy?to contribute – вносить вкладto descend from – происходить от, вести свою родословнуюfragile-x syndrome – синдром Мартина-Белл, синдром ломкой х-хромосомыcongenital – врожденныйquirk – причуда, странностьdiscrepancy – несоответствие, противоречие, расхождениеtweak – поправка, небольшое изменениеExercise 12.
Listen to the text (Script 24) and describe a new method of genetherapy developed to deal with genetic disorders.Exercise 13. Listen to the text again and explain what the following figures referto in the text:23one in 8,0002 billion¾37over half20,000an eighthExercise 14. Put the stages of the experiment on mitochondrial transplantationin the correct order. Describe each stage in detail:a) The zygotes might be transplanted into a woman's womb.b) The zygotes developed.c) The team collected eggs from the ovaries of women.d) The eggs were fertilized.e) The team either removed or transplanted nuclei.Exercise 15. Using information form the text answer the questions:1. What makes birth of a child from three genetic parents possible?2.
Why do genetic mitochondrial diseases generally affect brain and muscles?3. What is the incidence rate for genetic disorders?4. How did the team explain the unexpectedly high abnormality rate for the zygotes ofmitochondrial transplants?5. What ethical and legal issues may such technology raise if developed?25Unit 10. Animal adaptationsLexics: Molecular biology / Evolution / Ecology / PaleontologyListening. 3 textsText A. Radiation and evolutionExercise 1. What do you know about the effects of radiation on animals?Discuss the questions:1.
What impact does radiation produce on living organisms?2. How do animals respond to high doses of radiation – both short-term and long-termexposure?persistent – устойчивый, постоянныйbackground – фоновыйsite – место расположенияbarn swallow – ласточкаgreat tit – большая синицаgreat reed warbler – дроздовидная камышовкаbuzzard – канюк обыкновенныйEurasian jay – сойкаExercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 25) which describes a study of thebiological responses to radiation exposure. What difference in bird numbers wasrevealed?Exercise 3. Listen to the text again and explain what the following figures referto in the text:20110.573519860.057,000 km2006-200914a third300twice as largeExercise 3.
Using information from the text prove the following statements:1. Fukushima and Chernobyl – the sites of two biggest nuclear incidents - have muchcommon.2. Bird numbers in both areas demonstrate dependence on radiation levels and theduration of exposure.3. Birds under long-term exposure to radiation seem to develop a tolerance forradioactivity over time.Exercise 4. Listen to the second text (Script 26) which describes a follow-upinvestigation of birds and compare the facts presented in both texts.Exercise 5.
Listen to the text again and answer the questions:1. What methods did the team employ?262. What protective mechanisms have the birds evolved to resist the negative effects ofradiation?Text B. PalaeontologyExercise 6. What do you know about the origin of birds? Answer the questions:1. How and when during the evolution did animals develop wings? Why?2. How and when during the evolution did animals develop feathers? Why?Exercise 7. What do you know about the following:a) the Jurassic period,b) the Cretaceous period,c) Archaeopteryx,d) Microraptor.to spin off – дать началоto deploy – задействоватьbiplane - бипланcoplanar – копланарный, лежащий в одной плоскостиsteering – управление направлением движения, управление рулемlithe – гибкий, грациозныйstubby – коренастый, приземистыйrudder – руль направленияsharp-shinned hawk – полосатый ястребparagon – эталон, образецdrag – сопротивление, торможение потока воздухаkeel – гребень грудной костиExercise 8.
Listen to the text (Script 27) to check your answers in Exercise 6 andExercise 7. How does the new hypothesis explain why Microraptor had four wings?Exercise 9. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are trueor false, correct the false ones:1. Traditionally one established hypothesis explained how Microraptor deployed itsfour wings in flight.2. Both pairs of wings were similar in shape but different in function.3. The front pair of wings according to the new interpretation was used to provide lift.4. Microraptor's hind wings due to their shape were perfect for steering.5.
It is not yet known if Microraptor was a predator.6. Microraptor’s habitat and lifestyle determined the shape of its wings.7. Microraptor became extinct during the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.8. Although Microraptor’s hind wings increased its manoeuvrability they also resultedin drag.9.
Microraptor lost the evolutionary competition to birds.10. Unlike Microraptor modern birds are not adapted for forest flight.27Unit 12. AlcoholLexics: Biochemistry / Public health / Neurobiology / MicrobiologyListening. 4 texts.Text A. Allergy to wineExercise 1. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:1. What is allergic reaction? What are its symptoms?2. What most common allergens do you know?3. What are glycoproteins and how do they trigger allergic reaction?4.
What is the role of preservatives in food and wine production? What substances aremost commonly used as preservatives?oenophile – энофил, ценитель винаculprit - виновникto sneeze - чихатьragweed – амброзияrampant – широко распространенный; свирепый, грозныйhay fever – поллиноз, аллергия на пыльцуto blame - обвинятьExercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 34) which describes allergens discovered inwine and answer the following questions:1. How many people are allergic to wine?2. What method was used to identify allergenic proteins in wine?3. What wine compounds have been found to provoke allergy?Text B. BrewingExercise 3.
What do you know about brewing (beer production)? Answer thefollowing questions:1. What raw materials is beer produced from? What processes occur during brewing?2. What is the difference between the two main types of beer- lager and ale?Interloper – вмешивающийся в чужие делаgall - чернильный орехbeech tree – буковое деревоto outlaw – запретить, сделать вне законаbatch – партия продуктаExercise 4. Listen to the text (Script 35) and describe a new discovery in thesphere of microbiology.Exercise 5.
Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are true,false or information is not given, then correct the false ones:1. Both ale and lager are produced by long-term fermentation.2. Ales are produced using baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.283. For lagers a hybrid is used - half S. cerevisiae and half something else.4.
The newly described species, named Saccharomyces eubayanus, was trackeddown to North America where it was used to produce alcoholic beverages as well.5. Lager production began in Germany after exploration of the New World in the lateth15 century.6. First lagers were produced in Bavaria without Saccharomyces eubayanus.7. In 1553 Saccharomyces eubayanus arrived in Bavaria.8.
The two yeast strains hybridised to form Saccharomyces pastorianus9. New hybrids may be produced using the original strain of Saccharomyceseubayanus.Text C. Combating addictionExercise 6. What do you know about vaccination? Answer the questions:1. How do vaccines work?2. What agents can vaccines be used against?hapten – полуантиген, неполноценный антиген, гаптенadjuvant – адъювант, вспомогательное активирующее средствоExercise 7. Listen the the text (Script 36) and describe a new method of fightingaddiction to alcohol and other drugs.Exercise 8.
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