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4 5&'*.$+ (8) *-)'(0- U (xk ) 2 Mn;k .*1&A-+)/@ 1- 7&,*-)'(0. (abij(k;1) )i=1:::nj=k+1:::n *-)'(0< Ab(k;1) '->*+'- n (n ; k), )& /&%$-/1&$+**+ 13.11 1- ;)& )'+=.+)/@ 2(n ; k)n + O(n ; k) (n ! 1) .*1&A+1(8 ( /)&$:2&A+ /$&A+1(8.)-2, 1- k -&* K-%+ -$%&'()*- )'+=.+)/@ 4<7&$1(): 2(n ; k) + 1 + 2(n ;2k) + 2n(n ; k) + O(n ; k) = 2n(n ; k) + 2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6&7+'-0(8, n ; k +1+2(n ; k)2 +2n(n ; k)+ O(n ; k) = 2n(n ; k)+2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k)-,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( 2 &7+'-0(( (>4$+3+1(@ 2&'1@.$+,&4-)+$:1&, 4/+%& ,$@ 7'&4+,+1(@ -$%&'()*- )'+=.+)/@ 4<7&$1():nX;2k=1(2n(n ; k) + 2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k))= 2n((n ; 1)(n ; 2)=2) + 2((n ; 1)(n ; 2)(2n ; 3)=6) + O(n2)= n3 + O(n2) + 32 n3 + O(n2) = 35 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1)*.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8, /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( 2(n ; 2) &7+'-0(8 (>4$+3+1(@ 2&'1@ (2&)&'<+ 7& )'.,&+*2&/)( 7& 7&'@,2.
*&A1& /'-41():/ &7+'-0(@*( ,+$+1(@).-2(* &='->&*, 1- 7'(4+,+1(+ *-)'(0< 2 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1&*. 4(,. .1()-'1<* 7&,&=(+* *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8 )'+=.+)/@ 35 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8. -*+)(*, 3)& ;)&2&$(3+/)4& &7+'-0(8 4 ,4- / 7&$&4(1&8 '->- =&$:K+, 3+* 1.A1& ,$@ '+K+1(@$(1+81&8 /(/)+*< *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8.% 1. 5 , A , A = Q R Qt , ' Q { , R { * '...
!!x15. ?/ #(% ?$ 43*'#4 /4756"#&. 9'&4+,+* ,$@ *-)'(0< A (>$&A+11<8 4<K+ -$%&'()*,&/.C+/)4(*<8 ,$@ 4/@2&8 1+4<'&A,+11&8 *-)'(0<. =&>1-3(* 4 (14) Q^ =Q1 U . -2 7'&(>4+,+1(+ .1()-'1<6 *-)'(0, *-)'(0- Q^ .1()-'1-. &%,- (14)ii=n;2^ Q^ t , &)2.,- A = (Q^ );1R(Q^ t );1 = QRQt , %,+ Q = (Q^ )t = (Q^ );1(*++) 4(, R = QA{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
9&,'&=1<+ 4<2$-,2( =<$( 7'&4+,+1< 7'( &=/.A,+1(( -$%&'()*- 7&/)'&+1(@ QR -'->$&A+1(@ *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8.x 15.2. "! 5%A7 %?'-//*&)'(* /().-0(L, 2&%,- &7(/-11<8 4<K+ *+)&, 7'(4+,+1(@ 2 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1&*. 4(,.
7'(*+1@+)/@ 2 /-*&/&7'@A+11&8 *-)'(0+ A 2 Mn .&%$-/1& (14.1), (14.2) A(1) = U1 AU1t , %,+ U1 { .1()-'1-@ *-)'(0-, ).+. A(1)( A { .1()-'1& 7&,&=1<. $+,&4-)+$:1&, A(1) { /-*&/&7'@A+11-@ *-)'(0-. &%$-/1& (7), (8) 1- k -&* (k = 1 : : : n ; 2) K-%+ -$%&'()*- A(k) = Uk A(k;1) Ukt , %,+Uk { .1()-'1-@ *-)'(0-. $+,&4-)+$:1&, A(k) ( A .1()-'1& 7&,&=1<, ( A(k) { /-*&/&7'@A+11-@ *-)'(0- ,$@ 4/@2&%& k = 1 : : : n;2. -2(* &='->&*, R = A(n;2){ 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1-@ ( /-*&/&7'@A+11-@, ).+.
)'+6,(-%&1-$:1-@ *-)'(0-.-7(K+* &7(/-11<8 4<K+ 7'&0+// 7'(4+,+1(@ /-*&/&7'@A+11&8 *-)'(0< 2)'+6,(-%&1-$:1&*. 4(,. )-2, 3)&=< *-2/(*-$:1& .*+1:K(): &=N+* 4<3(/$()+$:1&8 '-=&)< >- /3+) (/7&$:>&4-1(@ /(**+)'((. 1.! , U = U (x) 2 Mn , A 2 Mn B = UAU = UAU , ) 2n2 + O(n) , , ,.6"#&. 9&/2&$:2. U (x) = I ; 2xx , )&B = (I ;2xx )A(I ;2xx ) = (I ;2xx )(A;2Axx ) = A;2Axx ;2xx A+4xxAxx :=&>1-3(*..y = Ax 2 Cn(15) !!x15. ?/ #(% ?$ 43*'#4 /476 /($. /-*&/&7'@A+11&/)( *-)'(0< A (*++* y = Ax = A x = (x A) ,4xx Axx = 2xx Axx + 2xx Axx = 2xx yx + 2xyxx(B = A ; 2yx ; 2xy + 2xx yx + 2xyxx = A ; 2(I ; xx )yx ; 2xy(I ; xx )=&>1-3(*z = 2(I ; xx )y = 2y ; x(x y) = 2y ; 2(x y)x:(16)&%,-B = A ; zx ; xz(17)9&/$+ ;)(6 7'+&='->&4-1(8 *< *&A+* /5&'*.$('&4-): -$%&'()* 4<3(/$+1(@ *-)'(0< B :1) <3(/$@+)/@ 4+2)&' y 7& 5&'*.$+ (15). - ;)& )'+=.+)/@ n2 + O(n) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8.2) <3(/$@+)/@ 4+2)&' z 7& 5&'*.$+ (16).
- 4<3(/$+1(+ = 2(x y) { .,4&+11&%& +42$(,&4- /2-$@'1&%& 7'&(>4+,+1(@, )'+=.+)/@ n + O(1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8S 1- 4<3(/$+1(+ z = 2y ; x)'+=.+)/@ 2n *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( n -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8. =C++3(/$& &7+'-0(@, 1+&=6&,(*&+ ,$@ 4<3(/$+1(@ 4+2)&'- z { 3n + O(1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 ( 2n + O(1) -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8.3) <3(/$@+)/@ *-)'(0- B 7& 5&'*.$+ (17).
-)'(0- B 2-2 .1()-'1& 7&,&=1-@ A /-*&/&7'@A+1-, 7&;)&*. 7& 5&'*.$+ (17) 4<3(/$@L)/@ )&$:2& n(n +1)=2;$+*+1)&4 4+'61+%& )'+.%&$:1(2- *-)'(0< B . - 4<3(/$+1(+ 2-A,&%& ;$+*+1)*-)'(0< B 7& 5&'*.$+ (17) 1-,& 4<7&$1(): 2 .*1&A+1(@ ( 2 4<3()-1(@, 7&;)&*. )'.,&+*2&/): 4<3(/$+1(@ B 7& 5&'*.$+ (17) '-41- n(n + 1) = n2 + O(n)*.$:)(7$(2-)(41<* ( n2 + O(n) -,,()(41<* &7+'-0(@*.-2(* &='->&*, ;)&) -$%&'()* )'+=.+) n2 +O(n)+3n+O(1)+n2 +O(n) = 2n2 +O(n) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8. +**- ,&2->-1-.4 2. $@ 1+/-*&/&7'@A+11&8 *-)'(0< A 4<3(/$+1(+ *-)'(0<B = UAU )'+=.+) 4n2 + O(n) .*1&A+1(8 /)&$:2& A+ /$&A+1(8 (/*.
$+**.13.11).=&>1-3(* a1 = (a21 : : : an1)t . &%$-/1& $+**+ 13.9 /.C+/)4.+) 4+2)&' x(1) 2Cn , '-41<8; ka1ke1 x(1) = kaa1 ;ka ke k11 1)-2&8, 3)& U (x(1) )a1 = ka1ke1 , %,+ e1 = (1 0 : : : 0) 2 Cn;1 , U (x(1) ) 2 Mn;1{ *-)'(0- &)'-A+1(@. 4+,+* *-)'(0. U1 2-2 4 (2) ( 4<3(/$(* *-)'(0... !!x15. ?/ #(% ?$ 43*'#4 /477A(1) = U1 AU1 . /($. /-*&/&7'@A+11&/)( *-)'(0< A(1) 4*+/)& (14.2) ,$@ 1++/7'-4+,$(4& =&$++ )&31&+ '-4+1/)4&01akak0:::0111BB ka k a(1) a(1) : : : a(1) CC2n CBB 1 22(1) 23(1)(1) C(1)B0aa:::aA = U1AU1 = B(18)32333n CCC :BB ..........C. . A..@ .(1)(1)0 an2 an3 : : : a(1)nn-2(* &='->&*, . *-)'(0< A(1) 1+&=6&,(*& / 7&*&C:L $+**< 1 4<3(/$():)&$:2& 7&,*-)'(0.
(a(1)ij )ij =2:::n 2 Mn;1 ()-2 2-2 &/)-$:1<+ ;$+*+1)< .A+ 4<3(/$+1<).9./): /,+$-1< k ; 1 k = 1 : : : n ; 1 K-%&4 ;)&%& 7'&0+//-, ).+. *-)'(07'+&='->&4-1- 2 4(,. (14.3), %,+ *-)'(0- A(k;1) (*++) 4(, (14.14).4+,+* &=&>1-3+1(+ (14.5). &%$-/1& $+**+ 13.9 /.C+/)4.+) *-)'(0- &)'-A+1(@ (4) )-2-@, 3)& 4<7&$1+1& (5). 7'+,+$(* Uk '-4+1/)4&* (6). <3(/$(**-)'(0.A(k) = Uk A(k;1) Uk :(19)-)'(0- A(k) .1()-'1& 7&,&=1- /-*&/&7'@A+11&8 *-)'(0+ A(k;1) . 9&;)&*.&1- /-*&/&7'@A+1- ( 4*+/)& (14.10) ,$@ 1++ /7'-4+,$(4& =&$++ )&31&+ '-4+1/)4& (14.16).
-2(* &='->&*, . *-)'(0< A(k) 1+&=6&,(*& / 7&*&C:L $+**< 14<3(/$(): )&$:2& 7&,*-)'(0. (a(ijk))ij=k+1:::n 2 Mn;k;1 ()-2 2-2 &/)-$:1<+ ;$+*+1)< .A+ 4<3(/$+1<).9&/$+ n ; 2 K-%&4 ;)&%& 7'&0+//- ().+. 7+'+6&,- &) *-)'(0 (14.3), (14.14)2 (19), (14.16)) *-)'(0- 7'(*+) )'+=.+*<8 )'+6,(-%&1-$:1<8 4(, (14.17).? "& % 5%? & "*%5%&$A 5%A7 %?' %$*"#! &$!!%' 5$< $ %70+1(* )'.,&+*2&/): k -%& K-%- -$%&'()*-, - >-)+* 7'&/.**('.+* 7&$.3+11<+ &0+12( 7& 4/+* k = 1 : : : n ; 2.1. - 4<3(/$+1(+ *-)'(0< U (xk ) 7& 5&'*.$-* (4) )'+=.+)/@ 2(n ; k) + 1*.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6, n ; k + 1 -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( 2 &7+'-0(( (>4$+3+1(@2&'1@ (/*.
4<3(/$+1(@ 7'( &0+12+ 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8 4 -$%&'()*+ 7'(4+,+1(@ *-)'(0< 2 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1&*. 4(,. .1()-'1<* 7&,&=(+**+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8).2. &*7&1+1)< k + 1 : : : n k -%& /)&$=0- *-)'(0< A(k) , '-41<+ 2&*7&1+1)-*4+2)&'- ka(1k;1) k e(1n;k) , .A+ 4<3(/$+1< 4 (10). )&$=+0 k 4<3(/$@+)/@ 1+ 7&&=C(* 5&'*.$-* (7) ,$@ /&2'-C+1(@ 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8 (.*+1:K+1(@ 4<3(/$()+$:1&8 7&%'+K1&/)(.3.
9&/2&$:2. 4 5&'*.$+ (19)(a(ijk) )i=k+1:::nj=k+1:::n = U (xk )(a(ijk;1) )i=k+1:::n j=k+1:::nU (xk )..(20) !!x15. ?/ #(% ?$ 43*'#4 /478)& 4 /($. $+**< 1 1- 4<3(/$+1(+ 7&,*-)'(0< (20) *-)'(0< A(k) )'+=.+)/@2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8.)-2, 1- k -&* K-%+ -$%&'()*- )'+=.+)/@ 4<7&$1(): n ; k + 1 + 2(n ; k)2 +O(n ; k) = 2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8, n ; k +1+2(n ; k)2 +O(n ; k) = 2(n ; k)2 + O(n ; k) -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( 2 &7+'-0(( (>4$+3+1(@2&'1@.$+,&4-)+$:1&, 4/+%& ,$@ 7'&4+,+1(@ -$%&'()*- )'+=.+)/@ 4<7&$1():nX;2k=1(2(n;k)2 +O(n;k)) = 2((n;1)(n;2)(2n;3)=6)+O(n2 ) = 32 n3 +O(n2) (n ! 1)*.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8, /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( 2(n ; 2) &7+'-0(8 (>4$+3+1(@ 2&'1@ (2&)&'<+ 7& )'.,&+*2&/)( 7& 7&'@,2. *&A1& /'-41():/ &7+'-0(@*( ,+$+1(@).-2(* &='->&*, 1- 7'(4+,+1(+ *-)'(0< 2 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1&*. 4(,.
.1()-'1<* 7&,&=(+* *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8 )'+=.+)/@ 32 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8 ( /)&$:2& A+ -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8. -*+)(*, 3)& ;)&2&$(3+/)4& &7+'-0(8 4 ,4- / 7&$&4(1&8 '->- *+1:K+, 3+* )'+=.+)/@ ,$@ 7'(4+,+1(@ 7'&(>4&$:1&8 *-)'(0< 2 7&3)( )'+.%&$:1&*. 4(,. .1()-'1<* 7&,&=(+**+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8 ( /&47-,-+) 2&$(3+/)4&* &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<* ,$@ '+K+1(@ $(1+81&8 /(/)+*< *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8.% 2.5 , , A , A = Q R Qt , ' Q { , R { *'.6"#& &47-,-+) / ,&2->-)+$:/)4&* )+&'+*< 1.2% %? Q R & 5A &/.C+/)4$@+)/@ &,1(* (> /7&/&=&4, (>-$&A+11<6 7'( &=/.A,+1(( -$%&'()*- 7&/)'&+1(@ QR -'->$&A+1(@ ,$@ *-)'(0<A *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8.%!$# "*% 7&/)'&+1(@ &7(/-11&%& 4<K+ '->$&A+1(@ /2$-,<4-+)/@ (> 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<6 ,$@ 7'&4+,+1(@ /-*&%& -$%&'()*-, ( 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<6,$@ 7&/)'&+1(@ *-)'(0< Q . 9&,'&=1<+ 4<2$-,2( =<$( 7'&4+,+1< 7'( &=/.A,+1(( -$%&'()*- 7&/)'&+1(@ QR -'->$&A+1(@ *+)&,&* &)'-A+1(8...