ku1 (1108607), страница 11
Текст из файла (страница 11)
9&/)'&(* QR -'->$&A+1(+ *-)'(0< A (2&)&'&+,4 &)$(3(+ &) LU -'->$&A+1(@, /.C+/)4.+) ,$@ 4/@2&8 1+4<'&A,+11&8 *-)'(0<).$@ &')&%&1-$:1&8 *-)'(0< Q $+%2& 1-6&,()/@ &='-)1-@ Q(;1) = Qt . 9&;)&*... !!x12. # /7,50xj 1-6&,@)/@ 2-2 '+K+1(@ /(/)+*< R xj = Qt bj / 4+'61+8 )'+.%&$:1&8 *-)'(0+8R , 1-7'(*+', &='-)1<* 6&,&* *+)&,- !-.//-.4 4. QR -'->$&A+1(+ *-)'(0< A (/7&$:>.+)/@ 4 QR --$%&'()*+1-6&A,+1(@ /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 *-)'(0< A .x 12.4.
.% QR -%6"7A $ &%B.% QR -%6"7A. 2% %? Q R & 5A.9./): /)&() >-,-3- 7&/)'&(): QR -'->$&A+1(+ ,$@ *-)'(0< A . .,+* ,+8/)4&4-): 2-2 4 )+&'+*+ 1. 9'&4+,+* ,$@ *-)'(0< A *+)&, 4'-C+1(8 ( 7&$.3(* 4'+>.$:)-)+ *-)'(0. R (> (11). 9'( ;)&* *-)'(0- Q '-41- (/*. ,&2->-)+$:/)4&)+&'+*< 1)+1nY;1 YnY1 iYQ=(Tij )t =Tijt :(12)i=n;1 j =ni=1 j =i+1&>*&A1< ,4- /7&/&=- 6'-1+1(@ *-)'(0 Q ( R 4 7-*@)(.1.
-)'(0- R 6'-1()/@ 1- *+/)+ 4+'61+%& )'+.%&$:1(2- *-)'(0< A ( 7&$.3-+)/@ (> 1++ 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1<* 7'(*+1+1(+* ;$+*+1)-'1<6 4'-C+1(8 (/*. 4<K+-$%&'()* *+)&,- 4'-C+1(8). $@ 6'-1+1(@ *-)'(0< Q 4<,+$@+)/@ &),+$:1-@*-)'(0- Q , 2&)&'-@ '-41- +,(1(31&8 7+'+, 7+'4<* K-%&* -$%&'()*-. - K-%+k+1k k = 1 : : : n ; 1 ;)- *-)'(0- .*1&A-+)/@ /7'-4- 1- *-)'(0.
Q Tkj :j =nQ := QjY=nk+1Tkj(/*. (7), (12)). 9'&(>4+,+1(+ *-)'(0< ;$+*+1)-'1&%& 4'-C+1(@ 1- *-)'(0. 4<3(/$@+)/@ 7& -$%&'()*. (> $+**< 5 / >-)'-)&8 4n .*1&A+1(8 ( 2n /$&A+1(8.$+,&4-)+$:1&, 7'&(>4+,+1(+ n(n ; 1)=2 *-)'(0 4'-C+1(@ 4 (12) *&A+) =<):4<3(/$+1& >- 2n2(n ; 1) = 2n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) .*1&A+1(8 ( n2 (n ; 1) =n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) /$&A+1(8.2. -2 ( 4 7+'4&* /7&/&=+, *-)'(0- R 6'-1()/@ 1- *+/)+ 4+'61+%& )'+.%&$:1(2- *-)'(0< A . $@ 6'-1+1(@ A+ *-)'(0< Q &),+$:1-@ 7-*@): 1+ 4<,+$@+)/@.-*+)(*, 3)& 1- K-%+ k k = 1 : : : n ; 1 *< (/7&$:>&4-$( n ; k ;$+*+1)-'1<64'-C+1(8 Tkk+1 : : : Tkn ( 2-A,-@ (> ;)(6 *-)'(0 0+$(2&* &7'+,+$@+)/@ +,(1/)4+11<* 7-'-*+)'&* { >1-3+1(+* .%$- 'kj : Tkj = Tkj ('kj ) j = k + 1 : : : n .9'( ;)&* 7&/$+ 7'+&='->&4-1(@ (6), (7), ).+. 7+'+6&,- &) *-)'(0< (4) 2 *-)'(0+ (8), 4 k -&* /)&$=0+ *-)'(0< A(k) &='->&4-$(/: n ; k 1.$+4<6 ;$+*+1)&4a(jkk) = 0 j = k + 1 : : : n .
9&;)&*. 4&>*&A1& 4*+/)& *-)'(0< Q 4(,- (12) 6'-1(): 1- *+/)+ 1(A1+%& )'+.%&$:1(2- *-)'(0< A 1-=&' 7-'-*+)'&4, / 7&*&C:L2&)&'<6 *&A1& 4<3(/$@): )'(%&1&*+)'(3+/2(+ 5.120(( .%$&4 'ij j < i i =2 : : : n j = 1 : : : n ; 1, >-,-LC(6 *-)'(0< Tij . &1+31&, 7'&C+ 4/+%& =<$&.. !!x12. # /7,51=< 6'-1(): /-*( ;)( .%$< 'ij , 1& ;)& )'+=.+) 4<3(/$+1(@ &='-)1<6 )'(%&1&*+)'(3+/2(6 5.120(8, 3)& ,&4&$:1& *+,$+11& ( 41&/() =&$:K.L 4<3(/$()+$:1.L 7&%'+K1&/):. - 7'-2)(2+ 1- *+/)+ aij j < i i = 2 : : : n j = 1 : : : n ; 16'-1@) cos 'ij ($( sin 'ij { )&) 2&)&'<8 (*++) 1-(*+1:K(8 *&,.$:.
9'( ;)&*1- *+/)+ ,4.6 *$-,K(6 =()&4 *-1)(//< ;)&8 4+$(3(1< 6'-1@)/@ 7'(>1-2 )&%&, 3)& =<$& >-7&*1+1&: sin ($( cos, ( >1-2 1+ >-7&*1+11&8 )'(%&1&*+)'(3+/2&8 5.120((. >*+1+1+1(+ ,4.6 *$-,K(6 =()&4 *-1)(//< . cos 'ij ($( sin 'ij41&/() 7&%'+K1&/):, 1-*1&%& *+1:K.L 3+* 7&%'+K1&/):, / 2&)&'&8 &1( 4<3(/$+1<. -7&*(1-1(+ >1-3+1(@ cos 'ij ($( sin 'ij / 1-(*+1:K(*q*&,.$+* .*+1:K-+) 7&%'+K1&/):7'( 4<3(/$+1(( 7& 5&'*.$-* sin 'ij = 1 ; cos2 'ij ($(qcos 'ij = 1 ; sin2 'ij . &$:K(1/)4& /&4'+*+11<6 *(2'&7'&0+//&'&4 (Intel80x86, Motorola 68xxx, SPARC, PowerPC) 7&,,+'A(4-L) /)-1,-') ANSI/IEEE754-1985 7'( '-=&)+ / ,-11<*( / 7$-4-LC+8 )&32&8. $@ )-2(6 7'&0+//&'&4*$-,K(+ =()< *-1)(//< @4$@L)/@ *$-,K(*( =()-*( 3(/$- / 7$-4-LC+8 )&32&8.9'( 4)&'&* /7&/&=+ 6'-1+1(@ *-)'(0< Q 1+ )&$:2& ;2&1&*()/@ n3 @3++27-*@)(, 1& ( ;2&1&*()/@ 2n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) .*1&A+1(8 ( n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1)/$&A+1(8 1- 7&/)'&+1(+ *-)'(0< Q .
)&'&*. /7&/&=. 6'-1+1(@ =$-%&7'(@)/)4.+) )-2A+ )& &=/)&@)+$:/)4&, 3)& '+,2& )'+=.+)/@ >1-): *-)'(0. Q "/-*. 7&/+=+". =<31& )'+=.+)/@ .*+): 4<3(/$@): ++ 7'&(>4+,+1(@ 1- 4+2)&' ( *-)'(0..$@ )&%&, 3)&=< 4<3(/$(): 7'&(>4+,+1(+ *-)'(0< Q 4(,- (12) 1- 1+2&)&'.L*-)'(0. B )'+=.+)/@ 4<3(/$(): n(n ; 1)=2 7'&(>4+,+1(8 *-)'(0 ;$+*+1)-'1<64'-C+1(8 Tij 1- B :QB =nY;1 Yn(Tij B ):i=1 j =i+19& $+**+ 5 1- ;)& 7&)'+=+.)/@ 2n2 (n ; 1) .*1&A+1(8 ( n2 (n ; 1) /$&A+1(8.
9&/'-41+1(L / 2&$(3+/)4&* &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<6 ,$@ 4<3(/$+1(@ 7'&(>4+,+1(@,4.6 *-)'(0 Q ( B 7'&(>4&$:1&%& 4(,-, 3(/$& .*1&A+1(8 ).) 4 2 '->- =&$:K+,- 3(/$& /$&A+1(8 /&47-,-+). /$( )-2(6 7'&(>4+,+1(8 )'+=.+)/@ 4<3(/$(): 1+&3+1: *1&%&, )& 4)&'&8 /7&/&= 7'+,7&3)()+$:1++ 7+'4&%&.x 12.5. ? "& % 5%? & "*%5%A QR -%6"7A $ &%B'.,&+*2&/): -$%&'()*- 7&/)'&+1(@ QR -'->$&A+1(@ /2$-,<4-+)/@ (> 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<6 ,$@ 7'&4+,+1(@ -$%&'()**+)&,- 4'-C+1(8, ( 2&$(3+/)4- -'(5*+)(3+/2(6 &7+'-0(8, 1+&=6&,(*<6 ,$@7&/)'&+1(@ *-)'(0< Q ./$( ,$@ Q (/7&$:>.+)/@ 4)&'&8 /7&/&= 6'-1+1(@, )& ,&7&$1()+$:1<6 ,+8/)4(8 ,$@ ++ 7&/)'&+1(@ 1+ )'+=.+)/@.
$+,&4-)+$:1&, 4 ;)&* /$.3-+ ,$@ 7&/)'&+1(@ QR -'->$&A+1(@ 1-,& 4<7&$1(): 34 n3 +O(n2) (n ! 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6&7+'-0(8 ( 32 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8... !!x13. # ,52/$( ,$@ Q (/7&$:>.+)/@ 7+'4<8 /7&/&= 6'-1+1(@, )& 2-2 7&2->-1& 4<K+,$@ ++ 7&/)'&+1(@ ,&7&$1()+$:1& 2 43 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<*( 32 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) -,,()(41<* &7+'-0(@*, 1+&=6&,(*<6 ,$@ 7'&4+,+1(@-$%&'()*- *+)&,- 4'-C+1(8, )'+=.+)/@ 2n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) .*1&A+1(8 ( n3 +O(n2) (n ! 1) /$&A+1(8, 4/+%& 103 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6&7+'-0(8 ( 53 n3 + O(n2) (n ! 1) -,,()(41<6 &7+'-0(8.x13.
! +/L,. 4 ,-11&* 7-'-%'-5+ 7&, 1&'*&8 4+2)&'- =.,+) 7&1(*-):/@ +42$(,&41&'*-, - 7&, 1&'*&8 *-)'(0< { /7+2)'-$:1-@ 1&'*-. 1. (' ) 1 .6"#&. 9&/2&$:2. .1()-'1<+ *-)'(0< /&6'-1@L) +42$(,&4. ,$(-1. 4+2)&'-, 7& &7'+,+$+1(L /7+2)'-$:1&8 1&'*< 7&$.3-+* ,$@ 4/@2&8 .1()-'1&8 *-)'(0< U :k = sup kxk = 1:kU k = sup kkUxx6=0 xkx6=0 kxk 2. 1 . ) 6"#&. 9./): { 7'&(>4&$:1&+ /&=/)4+11&+ >1-3+1(+ *-)'(0<U . 9& $+**+ 1.4 jj kU k = 1 { 7& 7'+,<,.C+8 $+**+. ,'.%&8 /)&'&1<, ;1@4$@+)/@ /&=/)4+11<* >1-3+1(+* *-)'(0< U ;1 , 2&)&'-@ )&A+ .1()-'1-. 7@):7& $+**+ 1.4 ( $+**+ 1 j;1j kU ;1k = 1, ).+. jj 1. $+,&4-)+$:1&, jj = 1.
3. ) , ( ) A (.. A = A ) .6"#&. 9./): { 7'&(>4&$:1&+ /&=/)4+11&+ >1-3+1(+ *-)'(0<A, x =6 0 { &)4+3-LC(8 +*. /&=/)4+11<8 4+2)&', ).+. A x = x . "*1&A(* ;)&'-4+1/)4& /2-$@'1& 1- x : (A x x) = (x x), &)2.,- = (A x x)=kxk2 . /($.>-*+3-1(@ 9.1 4<'-A+1(+ (A x x) 4+C+/)4+11& ,$@ /-*&/&7'@A+11&8 *-)'(0<A . $+,&4-)+$:1&, 4+C+/)4+11&...
!!x13. # ,53x 13.1. %? %7A &&5%$". , 1-><4-+)/@ *-)'(0- 4(,- U = U (x) =I ; 2xx , %,+ x { +,(1(31<8 4+2)&' ().+. kxk = 1). (-7&*1(*, 3)& x =(x1 : : : xn) { "*-)'(0-" '->*+'- 1 n , x = (x1 : : : xn )t "*-)'(0-" '->*+'n 1 ( 7&)&*. xx { *-)'(0- '->*+'- n n .)"/)-1&4(* &/1&41<+ /4&8/)4- *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@. 4.
, , .6"#&. <3(/$(* /&7'@A+11.L *-)'(0. ,$@ *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@U (x)(U (x)) = (I ; 2xx ) = I ; 2(x )x = I ; 2xx = U (x)3)& ( &>1-3-+) /-*&/&7'@A+11&/): *-)'(0< U (x). 5. , .6"#&. <3(/$(* ,$@ *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@ U (x)U (x)U (x)= U (x)2 =(I ; 2xx )(I ; 2xx )= I ; 4xx +4xx xx = I ; 4xx +4x1x = I7&/2&$:2. xx = (x x) = kxk2 = 1. F)& '-4+1/)4& ( &>1-3-+) .1()-'1&/): *-)'(0< U (x). 6.;1 . ) , 1 , 6"#&. > $+** 2 ( 4 4<)+2-+), 3)& /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@ 7& *&,.$L '-41< 1. > $+** 3 ( 5 /$+,.+), 3)& &1( 4+C+/)4+11<.1-3(), /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ +/): $(=& 1 $(=& ;1.
7. , U (x) ) ;1 1 , x , ) 1 n ; 1 , hxi? = fy : (y x) = 0g .6"#&. *++*U (x)x = (I ; 2xx )x = x ; 2xx x = x ; 2x = ;x7&/2&$:2. x x = (x x) = kxk2 = 1. $+,&4-)+$:1&, x { /&=/)4+11<8 4+2)&',&)4+3-LC(8 /&=/)4+11&*. >1-3+1(L ;1.-$++, ,$@ 4/+6 y 2 hxi?U (x)y = (I ; 2xx )y = y ; 2xx y = y7&/2&$:2. x y = (y x) = 0. $+,&4-)+$:1&, y -/&=/)4+11<8 4+2)&', &)4+3-LC(8/&=/)4+11&*. >1-3+1(L 1. -2(+ 4+2)&'- y 2 hxi? &='->.L) (n ; 1)-*+'1&+7&,7'&/)'-1/)4&... !!x13. # , 8.54+ ), )' U (x) : , ' hxi? .6"#&.
/@2(8 4+2)&' z 2 Cn *&A+) =<): 7'+,/)-4$+1 4 4(,+z = x + y , %,+ y 2 hxi? . ,+/: 2&*7&1+1)- x 7-'-$$+$:1- x , - 2&*7&1+1)y &')&%&1-$:1- x , ).+. $+A() 4 %(7+'7$&/2&/)( hxi? . /($. $+**< 7 U (x)z =U (x)(x + y) = ;x + y , ).+. 4+2)&' z &)'->($/@ &)1&/()+$:1& %(7+'7$&/2&/)(hxi? . 9. # e { ) : kek = 1 . ' ' y 2 Cn x 2 Cn kxk = 1 , U (x)y = kyke .6"#&. -2 2-2 4+2)&'- y ( kyke ,&$A1< =<): 7&$.3+1< ,'.% (>,'.%- &)'-A+1(+* &)1&/()+$:1& %(7+'7$&/2&/)( hxi? , )& 4+2)&' y ;kyke ,&$A+1=<): 7-'-$$+$+1 x , ).+. x = (y ; kyke).
&;55(0(+1) 1-8,+* (> ./$&4(@kxk = 1. 9&$.3-+*; kyke :x = kyy ;kykek, 10. #) , , ) 2n + O(1) (n ! 1) , , , (,) 2n + 1 , 2n ; 1 ,).6"#&. $@ *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@ U (x) ( 7'&(>4&$:1&%& 4+2)&'y (*++*U (x)y = (I ; 2xx )y = y ; 2x(x y) = y ; 2x(y x):- 4<3(/$+1(+ /2-$@'1&%& 7'&(>4+,+1(@ (y x) )'+=.+)/@ n .*1&A+1(8 ( n ; 1/$&A+1(+. - 4<3(/$+1(+ 2&;55(0(+1)- = 2(y x) )'+=.+)/@ +C+ &,1& .*1&A+1(+. - 4<3(/$+1(+ $(1+81&8 2&*=(1-0(( y ; x )'+=.+)/@ n .*1&A+1(8 (/)&$:2& A+ /$&A+1(8.
2$-,<4-@ ;)( &0+12(, 1-6&,(*, 3)& 4/+%& 1+&=6&,(*&n + 1 + n = 2n + 1 .*1&A+1(+ ( n ; 1 + n = 2n ; 1 /$&A+1(8. 11. #) , U (x) 2 Mn ) n m , ) 2nm + O(m) (n m ! 1) , , , (,) (2n + 1)m , (2n ; 1)m,).6"#&. 9./): n m *-)'(0- B = U (x)A +/): 7'&(>4+,+1(+ *-)'(0< &)'-A+1(@ U (x) 2 Mn 1- n m *-)'(0.
A . -7(K+* *-)'(0< A = (aij )( B = (bij ) 3+'+> (6 /)&$=0<: A = Ta(1) : : : a(m) ] B = Tb(1) : : : b(m) ], %,+ a(k) =(a1k : : : ank )t b(k) = (b1k : : : bnk )t k = 1 : : : m . &%$-/1& &7'+,+$+1(L 7'&(>4+,+1(@ *-)'(0 B = U (x)A = TU (x)a(1) : : : U (x)a(n) ], ).+. b(k) = U (x)a(k) k =1 : : : m . -2(* &='->&*, ,$@ 4<3(/$+1(@ *-)'(0< B = U (x)A 1-,& 4<3(/$(): m 7'&(>4+,+1(8 U (x)a(k) *-)'(0< U (x) 1- 4+2)&'- a(k) k = 1 : : : m .&2-><4-+*&+ .)4+'A,+1(+ )+7+': 4<)+2-+) (> $+**< 10...