Анализ, классификация и прогноз свойств гумусовых кислот (1098260), страница 5
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=mfmkh\u_dbkehluh[jZamxlk bhgZfb s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_lZeeh\ fZehjZkl\hjbfu_ kheb >6FKQLW]HU andKhan, 1972, DmoZj_gdh @>Zggh_k\hckl\hbkihevam_lky\ljZ^bpbhgguof_lh^Zo hij_^_e_gby h[s_]h kh^_j`Zgby dbkehlguo ]jmii \ h[jZapZo]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih j_Zdpbyf k ]b^jhdkb^hf [Zjby b Zp_lZlhf dZevpbyaZf_klbl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_G:<ZHG2G:KZH:k2<Z:2 G2HKZ:2 :kHG⇒ΣΣ$UHGKHHG⇒ΣΣKHHG∆^\mohij_^_e_gbc⇒Σ$UHG:–dbkehlguchklZlhd]mfmkh\uodbkehl< h[hbo kemqZyo j_Z]_gl [_j_lky \ ba[uld_ >ey hp_gdb qbkeZijhj_Z]bjh\Z\rbo ]jmii ihke_ hkZ`^_gby ]mfZlh\ \ [Zjblh\hf f_lh^_ba[ulhd %D2+2 lbljm_lky +Kl h[jZlgh_ lbljh\Zgb_ \ KZ-Zp_lZlghf –hij_^_ey_lky dhebq_kl\h mdkmkghc dbkehlu \uk\h[h^b\r_cky \ j_amevlZl_j_ZdpbbM^Ze_gb_]mfmkh\uodbkehlbajZkl\hjZ\\b^_hkZ^dZ]mfZlh\[Zjbybeb dZevpby ijb\h^bl d k^\b]m jZ\gh\_kby ^bkkhpbZpbb \ijZ\h bke_^h\Zl_evgh [he__ iheghfm hij_^_e_gbx ]jmii ih kjZ\g_gbx kihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbf lbljh\Zgb_f H^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ h[jZah\Zgb_fZehjZkl\hjbfuokh_^bg_gbch[_j_Zdpbb\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbh[jZlbfu[Perdue, @ b ^ey ^hklb`_gby iheghlu ij_\jZs_gby g_h[oh^bfkms_kl\_ggucba[ulhdj_Z]_glZ;Zjblh\uc b KZ-Zp_lZlguc f_lh^u [ueb jZajZ[hlZgu \ -o ]h^ZoKlZ^gbdh\uf b khlj >DmoZj_gdh Z; DmoZj_gdh [; Êóõàðåíêî, 1948;&lZ^gbdh\ b ^j 1934; Kukdh\ 1936; Ñûñêîâ b Êóõàðåíêî, 1947; DmoZj_gdh b;hjha^bgZ @^eyZgZebaZij_iZjZlh\=Dm]e_c:\lhjZfb[uehihdZaZghqlh ij_^_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h [Zjby ih]ehsZ_fh]h ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb bajZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z wd\b\Ze_glgh dhebq_kl\m f_lhdkbevguo ]jmiihij_^_ey_fuo \ =D ihke_ bkq_jiu\Zxs_]h f_lbebjh\Zgby Wlh ]h\hjbl hlhfqlh\j_Zdpbxk<ZHG2\klmiZxl\k_dbkehlgu_]jmiiu=D>&lZ^gbdh\b ^j 1934; Kukdh\ @ Ij_^_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h KZ ih]ehsZ_fh]h bajZkl\hjZ KZH:k2 b khhl\_lkl\_ggh dhebq_kl\h \u^_eb\r_cky mdkmkghcdbkehlu ohjhrh kh]eZkm_lky k kh^_j`Zgb_f dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmiihij_^_e_gguf f_lbebjh\Zgb_f h[jZapZ f_lZghehf \ ijbkmlkl\bb +&O>DmoZj_gdh Z DmoZj_gdh [@Iha^g__ [ueh ij_^eh`_gh fgh`_kl\h fh^bnbdZpbc ^Zgguo f_lh^h\gZijZ\e_gguogZZgZebafZeuodhebq_kl\ij_iZjZlh\>3HUGXH, 1978; Perdue etal., 1980; Brooks and Sternhell, 1957; Schnitzer and Gupta, 1964; Schnitzer and26Gupta, 1965; Gillam and Riley, 1982; Bonn and Fish, @ H^gZdh g_ [uebj_r_gu hkgh\gu_ ijh[e_fu [Zjblh\h]h bKZ-Zp_lZlgh]hf_lh^h\–q_ldhg_hij_^_e_gumkeh\bydhebq_kl\_ggh]hijhl_dZgbyj_ZdpbcjZaguoij_iZjZlh\kh[hbfbj_Z]_glZfb>3HUGXH 1985].Fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb nZdlhjZ hilbfbaZpby dhlhjuo g_h[oh^bfZ ^eyihemq_gby ^hklh\_jguo j_amevlZlh\ hij_^_e_gby k ihfhsvx mdZaZgguof_lh^h\ \u[hj dhebq_kl\_gguo khhlghr_gbc j_Z]_glkm[kljZl – \jZaebqguo \ZjbZglZo f_lh^bd j_dhf_g^mxlky jZaebqgu_ khhlghr_gby[Schnitzer and Khan, 1972; DmoZj_gdh Z Bonn and Fish, 1991]; (2)ijZ\bevghklv hij_^_e_gby lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb ijb dhebq_kl\_gghfhij_^_e_gbb ba[uldZ <ZHG2 beb \u^_eb\r_cky mdkmkghc dbkehlu[Perdue, 1985; Perdue et al., 1980]; \ebygb_ gZ j_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gbyh[jZah\Zgby jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ b nmev\Zlh\ <Z b KZ >'DYLV, 1982;Perdue, 1978; Perdue et al., 1980].< p_ehf [Zjblh\Zy b KZ-Zp_lZlgZy f_lh^bdb y\eyxlky ^hklmigufb b^hklZlhqgh mgb\_jkZevgufb ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfbgh\uo dbkehl ihq\ b m]e_clh]^Z dZd hij_^_e_gb_ ]jZgbp b mkeh\bc bo ijbf_gbfhklb ^ey ZgZebaZ\h^guo b ^jm]bo h[jZaph\ ^he`gu khklZ\blv ij_^f_l ki_pbZevgh]hbkke_^h\ZgbyIhl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ Ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_y\ey_lky h[s_ijbgyluf f_lh^hf hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby dbkehlguo ]jmii>Kb]]bZ b OZggZ @ H^gZdh _]h bkihevah\Zgb_ ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uodbkehl khijy`_gh kh agZqbl_evgufb ljm^ghklyfb <h-i_j\uo djb\u_lbljh\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl g_ kh^_j`Zl q_ldbo i_j_]b[h\ ihwlhfm ^eymklZgh\e_gby dhg_qghc lhqdb lbljh\Zgby lj_[m_lky bo fZl_fZlbq_kdZyh[jZ[hldZ >%RZOHV et al., @ \h-\lhjuo ^ey iheghlu hij_^_e_gbykeZ[hdbkehlguo ]jmii lj_[m_lky ^hklb`_gb_ hq_gv \ukhdbo dhgp_gljZpbcs_ehqb ijb dhlhjuo lhqgu_ baf_j_gby jG jZkl\hjZ aZljm^g_gu[Perdue, 1985; Kdm]bMwkl @G_kfhljygZmdZaZggu_ijh[e_fu^Zggucf_lh^ rbjhdh bkihevam_lky ^ey hp_gdb dbkehlghklb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl[Buffle and Delodoey, 1978; Davis, 1982; Herbert et al., 1993].GZb[he__jZkijhkljZg_gguckihkh[hij_^_e_gbylhqdbwd\b\Ze_glghklbaZdexqZ_lky \ lbljh\Zgbb ^h nbdkbjh\Zggh]h agZq_gby jG >)ULPPHO etal., 1985; Davis, 1982; Herbert et al., 1993; Piccolo and Camici, @H[uqghjG kqblZxl hdhgqZgb_f lbljh\Zgby dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii Z jG -10.3 –\k_o dbkehlguo ]jmii >)ULPPHO et al., 1985; Buffle and Delodoey, 1978;Patterssonet al., @ Hq_\b^gh qlh lZdhc kihkh[ hij_^_e_gby \deZ^ZdZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii \_kvfZ mkeh\_g ld jG lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb ijblbljh\Zgbbfgh]bohj]Zgbq_kdbodbkehle_`bl\ur_>Kdm]bMwkl @ZkeZ[uon_ghevguo]b^jhdkbeh\–\ur_27>jm]hckihkh[ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lbkihevah\Zgb_f_lh^h\fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby ^ey h[jZ[hldb djb\hc lbljh\Zgby]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Dhebq_kl\_ggZy bgl_jij_lZpby djb\uo lbljh\Zgby]mfmkh\uodbkehlh[uqghg_kh^_j`Zsboy\guoi_j_]b[h\y\ey_lky\_kvfZkeh`ghc b g_h^ghagZqghc aZ^Zq_c ba-aZ gZebqby [hevrh]h qbkeZ obfbq_kdbg_b^_glbqguo dbkehlguo ]jmii obfbq_kdZy ]_l_jh]_gghklv bihebwe_dljheblguo wnn_dlh\ >3HUGXH 1985; Gamble and Underdown, 1980;Gamble, 1972].Kms_kl\mxl ^\Z hkgh\guo ih^oh^Z d hibkZgbx ijhlheblbq_kdbok\hckl\ ihebwe_dljheblh\ IW Kh]eZkgh h^ghfm ba gbo >L_gnhj^, 1965;Katchalsky and Gillis, 1950; Katchalsky et al., @ jZkkqblu\ZxloZjZdl_jbklbq_kdb_dhgklZglu^bkkhpbZpbbS.0 bg^b\b^mZevguobhgh]_gguo]jmii iml_f wdkljZiheypbb aZ\bkbfhklb S.
hl α kl_i_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb dgme_\hc kl_i_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb H^gZdh lhqghklv ihemqZ_fuo agZq_gbcaZqZklmx g_\_ebdZ Ijb hij_^_e_gbb oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo dhgklZgl dZ`^h]hlbiZ bhgh]_gguo ]jmii IW kh keh`guf obfbq_kdbf khklZ\hf qZklhijboh^blkyijb[_]Zlvdbkdmkkl\_ggufijb_fZf>'XELQand Straus, 1970]qlh^hihegbl_evgh kgb`Z_l lhqghklv jZkkqblu\Z_fuo agZq_gbc Ihwlhfmbkihevah\Zgb_ jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h ih^oh^Z hijZ\^Zgh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ^eyijhkluoihkhklZ\mihebwe_dljheblh\ G_kfhljygZmihfygmlu_h]jZgbq_gbyf_lh^ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo dhgklZgl ^hklZlhqgh qZklh bkihevam_lky ^eyhibkZgby lbljh\Zgby dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >)XNXVKLPD etal., 1995].<lhjhcih^oh^aZdexqZ_lky\fZdkbfZevghZ^_d\ZlghfhibkZgbbdjb\hclbljh\ZgbykihfhsvxfbgbfZevgh\hafh`gh]hqbkeZdhgklZgl^bkkhpbZpbbbdhgp_gljZpbcbhgh]_gguo]jmii\jZfdZoaZ^Zgghcfh^_ebFh^_evobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcFh^_ev ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc gZb[he__ h[sbc kemqZc dh]^Z aZ^Zxlg_dhlhjuc gZ[hj ijhba\hevguo obfbq_kdbo nhjf b j_Zdpbc >;m]Z_\kdbc bOhebg 1989; <ZjrZe b ^j @ Mqly \k_ mjZ\g_gby k\yab mjZ\g_gbyfZl_jbZevgh]h [ZeZgkZ b we_dljhg_cljZevghklb aZibku\Zxl mjZ\g_gb_ ^eyjG \ dZ`^hc lhqd_ djb\hc lbljh\Zgby b j_rZxl ihemq_ggmx kbkl_fmmjZ\g_gbc >hklhbgkl\h ^Zgghc fh^_eb \ ijhklhl_ – fZdkbfZevgh_khhl\_lkl\b_ wdki_jbf_glm fh`gh ^hklbqv ijb mq_l_ fbgbfmfZ jZ\gh\_kbcG_^hklZlhd–ljm^ghklvnbabq_kdhcbgl_jij_lZpbbihemq_gguojZ\gh\_kbcbdhgklZglFh^_evkf_kbh^ghhkgh\guodbkehl< ] Kbffkhf >6LPPV @ [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ijhlheblbq_kdb_ jZ\gh\_kby \ jZkl\hjZo IW fh`gh hibkZlv fh^_evx kf_kb28h^ghhkgh\guo dbkehl MjZ\g_gb_ djb\hc lbljh\Zgbykf_kb1h^ghhkgh\guodbkehlfh`_l[ulvaZibkZgh\\b^_Nα=∑i =1qiKiK i + [H + ](1.1)]^_ α – kj_^gyy kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb Ti – fhevgZy ^hey dbkehlu kdhgklZglhc^bkkhpbZpbbDi\kf_kbGZ[hj iZj agZq_gbc Ti, pKi gZau\Z_lky S.-ki_dljhf Z f_lh^fh^_ebjh\Zgby ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ k ihfhsvx S.-ki_dljZ – pKki_dljhkdhib_c >/HXHQEHUJHU and Schindler, @ Ijb g_[hevrbo 1 jZkq_lijb\h^bld^bkdj_lghfmS.-ki_dljm>eyhibkZgbyijhlheblbq_kdbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehl^bkdj_lgucS.-ki_dljbkihevah\Zeb\jZ[hlZo>Paxeus andWedborg, 1985; Eberle and Feuerstein, 1979; Paxeus, 1985].Ijb1→ ∞mjZ\g_gb_1ijbgbfZ_lbgl_]jZevguc\b^+∞+∞p( pK)Kα = ∫ p( pK)+ dpK = 0.4343 ∫+ dpKK + [H ]−∞−∞ K + [ H ](1.2)Dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z IW \ wlhf kemqZ_ hibku\Zxlkyg_ij_ju\gufb nmgdpbyfb jZkij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl ^bkkhpbZpbb fh^_evg_ij_ju\gh]h S.-ki_dljZ =eZ\guf ^hklhbgkl\hf ^Zgghc fh^_eb y\ey_lky\hafh`ghklv mq_lZ kh\f_klgh]h \ebygby obfbq_kdhc ]_l_jh]_gghklb IW bwe_dljhklZlbq_kdbo wnn_dlh\ Fh^_ev g_ij_ju\gh]h S.-ki_dljZ ^eyhibkZgby ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bkihevah\Zeb fgh]b_bkke_^h\Zl_eb >Perdue et al., 1984; Bonn and Fish, 1991; Gamble andUnderdown, 1980; Gamble, 1972; Fukushima et al., 1995; ;m]Z_\kdbc bOhebg 1989; <ZjrZeb^j 1990; Leuenberger and Schindler, 1986].Kms_kl\mxl jZagu_ f_lh^u qbke_ggh]h j_r_gby bgl_]jZevgh]hmjZ\g_gby 1.2 gh gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevamxl q_luj_ hkgh\guo f_lh^Z Zijbhjguc \u[hj \b^Z jZkij_^_e_gby [Sips, @ ZiijhdkbfZpbybgl_]jZevgh]h mjZ\g_gby kmffhc [Leuenberger and Schindler, 1986]; 3) f_lh^dhg_qguo jZaghkl_c ><ZjrZe b ^j 1990; Leuenberger and Schindler, 1986;Thakur et al., 1980; Turneret al., 1986]; 4) f_lh^ j_]meyjbaZpbb ><ZjrZe b^j 1990; Triay and Rundberg, 1987].Ih^\h^y blh] fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh \k_ kms_kl\mxsb_ kihkh[u hibkZgbyijhlheblbq_kdbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehlbf_xlk\hbh]jZgbq_gbyL_fg_f_g__ gZb[he__ i_jki_dlb\guf ij_^klZ\ey_lky f_lh^ ihkljh_gbyg_ij_ju\gh]hS.-ki_dljZba-aZ_]h[hevr_cmgb\_jkZevghklbIjbf_g_gb_ f_lh^Z jD-ki_dljhkdhibb iha\hey_l hij_^_eblv gZ[hjdbkehlguo ]jmii b bo dhgp_gljZpbc m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh hibku\Zxsbowdki_jbf_glZevgmx djb\mx lbljh\Zgby >3HUGXH @ KmffZjgh_kh^_j`Zgb_ ]jmii k [he__ gbadbfb agZq_gbyfb j.
iheZ]Zxl jZ\gufkh^_j`Zgbx dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii >3HUGXH et al., @ >hklh\_jghklv29ihemqZ_fuo agZq_gbc aZ\bkbl hl Z^_d\Zlghklb bkihevah\ZgghcfZl_fZlbq_kdhcfh^_ebDhebq_kl\_ggh_ hibkZgb_ ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h^gm ba gZb[he__ ljm^guo aZ^Zq ZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >Zevg_crbc ijh]j_kk \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb fh`_l [ulv^hklb]gml ih f_j_ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby f_lh^h\ dhfivxl_jgh]hfh^_ebjh\Zgby b bo bkihevah\Zgby ^ey \uy\e_gby nmg^Zf_glZevguo^_kdjbilhjh\ijhlheblbq_kdbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehl1.2.3 Bkke_^h\Zgb_kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]hkhklZ\Zm]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZ^_kljmdlb\gufbf_lh^ZfbZgZebaZ>_kljmdlb\gu_ f_lh^u ZgZebaZ \_kvfZ bgl_gkb\gh bkihevah\Zebkv ^eybamq_gby kljh_gby m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >1RUZRRG, 1988;Hjeh\ @ ;eZ]h^Zjy ijbf_g_gbx ^Zgguo f_lh^h\ ZgZebaZ \ rbjhdbch[boh^ \hreb ihgylby ³dZjdZk´ b “ i_jbn_jby´ dhlhju_ bagZqZevghbkihevah\Zebkv ^ey h[hagZq_gby g_]b^jhebam_fhc b ]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb]mfmkh\uodbkehl\mkeh\byodbkehlgh]h]b^jhebaZGZk_]h^gyrgbc^_gv\gbo \deZ^u\Zxl \iheg_ dhgdj_lguc obfbq_kdbc kfuke ihgbfZy ih^dZjdZkhf ZjhfZlbq_kdbc m]e_jh^guc kd_e_l Z ih^ i_jbn_jb_c – m]e_\h^ghi_ilb^gucdhfie_dk]mfmkh\uodbkehl>Hjeh\ @>Zggu_hkljmdlmjgh]jmiih\hf khklZ\_ mdZaZgguo kljhbl_evguo [ehdh\ iha\heyxl kms_kl\_gghih\ukblvmjh\_gv^_lZebaZpbbhibkZgbykljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehlKhklZ\ ]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlKh]eZkgh >Hjeh\ @ ijb ]b^jheba_ F +&O \ jZkl\hj i_j_oh^bl -45%fZkku =D ihq\ b - ND =b^jhebam_fhklv ]mfbgh\uo dbkehl lhjnh\ b[mjuom]e_cg_kdhevdhgb`_KhklZ\]b^jhebaZlh\bamq_g^h\hevghih^jh[ghb ^Z_l ykgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ hkgh\guo dhfihg_glZo h[jZamxsbo]b^jhebam_fmxi_jbn_jbx]mfmkh\uodbkehllZ[e 1.4).LZ[ebpZ 1.4KhklZ\]b^jhebam_fhcqZklb=DbNDihq\fZkkih^Zgguf>Hjeh\ 1990])Kljmdlmjgu_njZ]f_glu=Dq_jgha_f ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebklZyihq\Z:fbghdbkehlu1318:fbghkZoZjZ44NH323<_s_kl\ZlbiZnmev\hdbkehl1415M]e_\h^u6659;_gahedZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu11ND1163–80030DZd \b^gh ba lZ[ebpu hkgh\ghc qZklvx ]b^jhebaZlh\ =D b ND ihq\y\eyxlky m]e_\h^u fZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ dhlhjuo \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo^hklb]Z_lihjZaebqgufbklhqgbdZf-;he__^_lZevgh_bkke_^h\Zgb_bokhklZ\ZihdZaZehqlhm]e_\h^gZyqZklv]mfmkh\uodbkehlij_^klZ\e_gZ\hkgh\ghf ]_dkhaZfb - k ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f ]exdhau \ f_gvrbodhebq_kl\Zo ijbkmlkl\mxl f_lbei_glhau b i_glhau >Hjeh\ 1990;Ogner, 1970; Hayashi and Nagai, 1962].
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