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Installation TechnologyLighting Engineering1st EditionInstallation Technology© hps SystemTechnikLehr- + Lernmittel GmbHAltdorfer Strasse 1688276 Berg / GermanyPhone:Telefax:Internet:E-mail:+ 49 751 / 5 60 75 80+ 49 751 / 5 60 75 17www.hps-systemtechnik.comexport@hps-systemtechnik.comOrder no.: V 0111All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system, nor translatedinto any human or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,manual or otherwise, without the prior permission of hps SystemTechnik.Code: 0.6.7Lighting EngineeringContentsContents1 Fundamental Principles of Lighting Engineering ........................................................11.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................11.1.1 Electromagnetic waves ................................................................................................11.1.2 The human eye.............................................................................................................21.2 Basic Lighting Engineering Variables........................................................................................31.2.1 Light sources ................................................................................................................31.2.2 Standard light types ......................................................................................................31.2.3 Spectral brightness sensitivity......................................................................................41.2.4 Light current Φ .............................................................................................................41.2.5 Quantity of light Q.........................................................................................................51.2.6 Solid angle Ω ................................................................................................................51.2.7 Luminous intensity Ι .....................................................................................................61.2.8 Illuminance E................................................................................................................61.2.9 Lighting density L .........................................................................................................71.2.10 Luminous intensity distribution curve LVK....................................................................71.2.11 Contrast reproduction factor CRF ................................................................................81.2.12 Luminous efficiency η ..................................................................................................81.2.13 Coefficient of utilization ηB............................................................................................91.2.14 Dimensioning of illumination ........................................................................................91.2.15 Colour temperature TF................................................................................................101.2.16 Colour reproduction index Ra .....................................................................................101.3 Features of Good Light ...........................................................................................................111.3.1 Factors for good light..................................................................................................111.3.2 Conditioning and room climate...................................................................................111.3.3 Illumination level .........................................................................................................111.3.4 Harmonious brightness distribution ............................................................................131.3.5 Limiting of glare..........................................................................................................141.3.6 Light direction and shadow.........................................................................................141.4 Light Sources ..........................................................................................................................151.4.1 General.......................................................................................................................151.4.2 Filament lamps ...........................................................................................................161.4.3 Halogen filament lamps..............................................................................................171.4.4 Low-pressure discharge lamps ..................................................................................181.4.4.1 Functional principle of fluorescent lamps....................................................181.4.4.2 Starting and ignition process of fluorescent lamps .....................................201.4.4.3 Applications of different fluorescent lamps .................................................211.4.4.4 Sodium vapour low-pressure lamps (Na lamps).........................................221.4.5 High-pressure discharge lamps..................................................................................231.4.5.1 Sodium vapour high-pressure lamps ..........................................................231.4.5.2 Mercury vapour high-pressure lamps .........................................................241.4.5.3 Incandescent arc lamps ..............................................................................251.4.5.4 Xenon vapour high-pressure lamps ............................................................251.4.6 Neon tubes .................................................................................................................261.4.7 Compact fluorescent lamps (economy lamps) ...........................................................271.4.8 Halogen high-pressure lamps ....................................................................................282Experiments with the ILLUMINATION BOARD ...........................................................302.1 Characteristic Values of a Filament Lamp ..............................................................................302.2 Characteristic Values of a Halogen Filament Lamp ................................................................322.3 Characteristic Values of an Incandescent Arc Lamp ..............................................................342.3.1 Characteristic values ..................................................................................................342.3.2 Illuminance dependent on the warm-up time .............................................................36IIILighting EngineringContents2.4 Characteristic Values of a Compact Fluorescent Lamp..........................................................382.5 Characteristic Values of a Fluorescent Lamp .........................................................................402.5.1 Time for starting and ignition process ........................................................................402.5.2 Illuminance in operation with starter and electronic gear ...........................................422.5.3 Illuminance under different ambient influences ..........................................................432.5.4 Power ratios in operation with starter .........................................................................442.5.5 Dimming a fluorescent lamp.......................................................................................452.5.6 Current compensation ................................................................................................472.5.7 Characteristic values ..................................................................................................482.6 Comparison of the Different Lamps ........................................................................................493Experiments with the HALOGEN BOARD ....................................................................503.1 Characteristic Values and Power Ratios of the Low-voltage Halogen Lamp ..........................503.2 Characteristic Values and Power Ratios of the Low-voltage Halogen Lamp withIncreased Efficiency ................................................................................................................523.3 Efficiency of the Transformer on Different Loads....................................................................553.4 Dimming the Low-voltage Halogen Lamp ...............................................................................573.5 Dimming the Low-voltage Halogen Lamp with Increased Efficiency.......................................583.6 Influence of Cable Cross Section and Cable Length3.7 Influence of a Wound Cable on the Brightness.......................................................................614Experiments with the SPECIAL LAMP BOARD .........................................................634.1 Characteristic Values of a High-pressure Halogen Lamp .......................................................634.1.1 Characteristic values ..................................................................................................634.1.2 Illuminance dependent on the warm-up time .............................................................654.1.3 Power ratios................................................................................................................674.2 Characteristic Values of a Sodium Vapour High-pressure Lamp............................................694.2.1 Characteristic values ..................................................................................................694.2.2 Illuminance dependent on the warm-up time .............................................................714.2.3 Power ratios................................................................................................................734.3 Characteristic Values of a Mercury Vapour High-pressure Lamp ...........................................754.3.1 Characteristic values ..................................................................................................754.3.2 Illuminance dependent on the warm-up time .............................................................774.3.3 Power ratios................................................................................................................794.4 Comparison of the Lamps on the SPECIAL LAMP BOARD ...................................................815Appendix ...................................................................................................................................