Резюме Цой Гунвон (англ) (Взаимосвязь стратегий аккультурации и социального капитала южнокорейских мигрантов с их адаптацией в России)

National Research University Higher School of EconomicsChoi KeunwonRelations of Acculturation Attitudes, Social Capital, and the Adaptation of SouthKorean Migrants in RussiaPhD Dissertation Summaryfor the purpose of obtainingPhilosophy Doctor in Psychology HSEAcademic supervisоr:Alexander TatarkoProf., Doctor of ScienceMoscow 2018GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISSERTATIONRationale of subject of the researchMigrations of people have always been an integral part of human history anddiscovered many complex issues and difficulties (Colin, 1988).

However, people havebeen migrating in order to find a better place to live, new resources and new opportunities.Today, the issue of migration is discussed all over the world at the level of thegovernments of countries and various associations of migrants themselves. In manydeveloped countries, new laws are introduced to establish rules for the management ofmigration flows. A large flow of migrants goes to European countries – the most attractivefor migrants from an economic point of view.

As a result, these countries have seenpopulation growth due to refugees from Middle Eastern countries arriving here due towars and riots in their home countries (Teitelbaum, 2017). Residents of third worldnations (or regions) often decide to move to developed countries in search of work or anew life.

The reason for this process is the emerging and exacerbating global inequalitiesbetween countries at the level of socio-economic development (Giddens, 2004).According to a report submitted by the International Organization for Migration,the number of international migrants in 2015 was 244 million people (InternationalOrganization for Migration, 2017). If we consider migration flows to Russia, then,according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Russia ranks third (afterthe United States and Germany) in terms of the number of foreign migrants in the country(International Organization for Migration, 2017).

are representatives of the former SovietUnion republics (Ukraine - 3.3 million, Kazakhstan - 2.5 million, Uzbekistan - 1.1 million,Belarus - 764 thousand, Azerbaijan - 767 thousand) majority of which are labor migrantswho seek work in Russia.Inhabitants of Southeast Asia (China, Japan, DPRK and Republic of Korea) alsomove to Russian Federation. Russia is an attractive country for migrants from Asia, eventhough it loses to Western Europe and the United States in terms of economicdevelopment. One of the possible reasons for this is that Russia is a historically2multiethnic and multi-religious country and, being at the crossroads of Europe and Asia,bears in its culture the features of both the West and the East, which in part attractsmigrants from Asia.Interesting, but little studied, is the issue of the migration of representatives of theRepublic of Korea to Russia.

Moreover, migrants from Southeast Asia, in particular fromthe Republic of Korea, have been studied very little, despite the fact that the migration ofKoreans to Russia has been going on for more than 100 years.The migration of Koreans to Russia began in the Far East, back in the 1860s, whenKoreans, who were rural residents of border areas, experienced serious difficulties due tocrop failures in Korea, began to arrive in Russia (Kim, 2012).According to the National Statistics Service of the Republic of Korea (dataprovided by the embassy and consulates of the Republic of Korea in the RussianFederation), only 5,537 residents from South Korea lived in Russia in 2015, of which1,743 are university students, 5,474 are migrant workers, and 320 people have a residencepermit in the Russian Federation.

At the same time, currently in the Central region ofRussia live 5,711 people (according to the National Statistics Service of the Republic ofKorea, 2015) from the Republic of Korea. According to the Federal Border Service ofRussia, 153 thousand (0.454%) arrived in Russia in 2016 and 151 thousand (0.449%) ofSouth Korean citizens arrived, where the migration flow amounted to 2 thousand people(+ 2.54%) (Rosstat).The Republic of Korea is one of the resources for Russia to meet the needs forskilled workers and specialists (Choi, 2017; Kang, 2009), which also determines therelevance of the study on the adaptation of Koreans in Russia.However, South Koreans who come to Russia face a number of difficulties:language, understanding culture and norms, food, climate, racial discrimination,xenophobia, the threat of identity, political situations, citizens' tolerance, civil securityand others (Charatpinit, 2017; Choi, 2017; Ha, 2015; Hong, 2007; Hurh, & Kim, 1990;Jang, & Chiriboga, 2011; Jun, & Ha, 2015; Kim, Sangalang, & Kihl, 2012; Kim, &Iwasaki, 2016; Lee, Park, & Ban, 2016; Lee, Koeske, & Sales, 2004; Min, 2017; Min,Moon, & Lubben, 2005; Shin, & Schwartz, 2007).3Therefore, the study of the effectiveness of adaptation of South Koreans in Russiabecomes relevant, especially in the current situation, when Russia, in the context of thesanctions policy of the West, is increasingly turning its attention to the East.The effectiveness of migrant adaptation is associated with many factors, includingacculturation strategies and social resources (friendly relations with representatives of thehost population and representatives of their own culture).

In our study, we want to showhow the preference for one or another acculturation strategy is associated with thecharacteristics of social resources of migrants (ingroup or outgroup social capital), whichultimately lead to different types of adaptation (psychological, sociocultural).The degree of scientific development of the problemThe problem of adaptation and acculturation of migrants has always been the focusof attention of many researchers.

Thus, K. Ward and A. Kennedy examined thedifferences between psychological and sociocultural adaptation (Ward, & Kennedy, 1993,1999), and Psychological Adaptation, in turn, was considered in parallel with studyingthe level of stress in a person, and also with a sense of satisfaction with life and wellbeing (Ward, & Rana-Deuba, 1999).The very concept of acculturation first appears in the works of Redfield, Lintonand Herskovits (Redfield, Linton, Herskovits, 1936, Zagefka et al, 2014). The term"acculturation" was first used by American ethnologists J.

Powell and U. Homes (Powell,& Homes, 1880) to describe the processes of assimilation and transfer of elements of oneculture to another.The theoretical provisions on acculturation were developed by Austrian sociologistand ethnologist R. Turnwald (1932, according to Zagefka et al, 2014). Further importantcontributions to the study of the problem of acculturation were made by such researchersas M.

Gordon, T. Graves, S. Boschner, J. Berry, D. Sam, J. Finney, P. Wedder, W. Kim,T. Minde, D. Mock, F. van de Vijver, K. Panet, J. Arends-Thoth, K. Liebkind, F. Rudmin,B. Oppedal, K. Ha, Z. Aikan, R. Kanungo (Gordon, 1964; Graves, 1967; Berry, 1980;1994; 1997; 2003; 2006; Bochner, 1982; Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987; Aycan &Kanungo, 1998; van de Vijver & Phalet, 2004; Berry, Phinney, Sam, Vedder, 2006; Sam;2006; Sam & Berry, 2006; Rudmin, 2009; Ha, 2015).4Among domestic (Russian) specialists, V. Gritsenko, J. Zayonchkovskaya, N.Lebedeva, V.

Pavlenko, T. Stefanenko, L. Shaygerova, O. Khukhlaev, A. Tatarko, M.Efremova, Z. Lepshokova, V. Galyapina and others.Particular attention of researchers is attracted by the types of migrant adaptation(Searle & Ward, 1990; Ward, Bochner, & Furnham, 2001; Berry et al, 2006). Such typesinclude personal qualities and skills, cultural characteristics of the country of emigrationand the host country, and socio-economic characteristics of the country.

One of the keypredictors of adaptation are acculturation strategies (Lazarus, & Folkman, 1984; Berry,Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987; Williams, & Berry, 1991; Moyerman, & Forman, 1992; Ward,Kennedy, 1994; Berry, 1997; Berry, & Sam, 1997; Burman, Trickett, 2001; Birman,Trickett, Vinokurov, 2002; Oh, Koeske, & Sales, 2002; Berry et al, 2006; Birman, &Taylor-Ritzler, 2007; Hwang, & Ting, 2008; Lebedeva et al, 2016).

Among thepsychological variables known to be associated with adaptation are the acculturationattitudes of migrants (Berry, 1997. Acculturation attitudes result from a combination ofattitudes towards maintaining their cultural heritage and identity, and their attitudestowards being in contact with and participating in the larger society.

The classical modelincludes four acculturation attitudes: assimilation, integration, separation, andmarginalization (Berry, 2003).However, despite the fact that the mechanism of acculturation is directly related tothe construction, preservation and destruction of social ties, the social connections andsocial capital of migrants as an adaptation resource in themselves are practically notstudied. There are a number of works (for example, Furnham, & Bochner, 1986; Searle,& Ward, 1990; Ward, & Searle, 1991; Trice, 2004; Zhou, & Cole, 2017) suggesting thatthe social link or social capital plays an important role in adapting migrants, while thesestudies do not consider the interrelation of the acculturation strategies of migrants withtheir social capital and adaptation.

In this dissertation, we assume that links with one'sown ethnic group and the host population can mediate the links between acculturationstrategies and the success of psychological and sociocultural adaptation.The social capital of migrants is known to be an important factor in theiracculturation and successful adaptation (Jun & Ha, 2015), including their subjective well5being and mental health (Berry & Hou, 2016, 2017; Jang & Chiriboga, 2007; Norstrand& Xu, 2011). Social capital at the individual level refers to “the collection of resourcesowned by the members of an individual's personal social network, which may becomeavailable to the individual as a result of the history of these relationships” (Van Der Gaag,2005, p.

20). Putnam (2000) made a distinction between bridging and bonding socialcapital. Bonding social capital describes the cohesion and mutual assistance withingroups of family members, acquaintances (Jang & Dworkin, 2014) and, therefore,representatives of ethnic in-groups. Bridging social capital describes social relationshipsbetween members of different outgroups (Jang & Dworkin, 2014).In this work, we assume that links with one's own ethnic group and the hostpopulation can mediate the links between acculturation strategies with the success ofpsychological and sociocultural adaptation, and depending on the length of residence inRussia, South Korean migrants may have a change in emphasis on a strategy acculturation,change the number of social connections with representatives of the group and outgroup,as well as the level of psychological and socio-cultural adaptation.The problem statement of study is identify the mediating role of individual socialcapital in the interrelation of acculturation strategies with the adaptation of South Koreanmigrants in Russia.Object of study – adaptation of migrants from the Republic of Korea in Russia.Subject of study - the interconnection of acculturation strategies and the socialcapital of South Korean migrants with their adaptation in Russia.Research objectives:1.Analyze existing theoretical and empirical studies concerning the influenceof acculturation strategies on psychological and sociocultural adaptation;2.Analyze research on the impact of acculturation strategies on social capital;3.Analyze research on the impact of social capital on psychological andsociocultural adaptation;4.Analyze research of the relationship between the length of stay of migrantsand various aspects of their adaptation;5.Develop an empirical research program and conduct research;66.To construct and test the model of social capital as a mediator of theconnection between acculturation strategies and various types of adaptation of migrants;7.To assess the relationship between the length of stay with social capital,acculturation strategies and adaptation of South Korean migrants in Russia.8.To interpret the obtained data, relying on the result of modern research.General hypothesis: the individual social capital of migrants is a mediator of therelationship between acculturation strategies and sociocultural and psychologicaladaptation.Research hypotheses:H1.