Анализ, классификация и прогноз свойств гумусовых кислот, страница 9

Kljh_gb_kljmdlmjghcyq_cdb=Dihq\[Hjeh\@.< jZ[hlZo >Hjeh\ 1974; Ziechmann, @ [ueb ij_^ijbgylu ihiuldbdhebq_kl\_ggh]h hibkZgby kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ mjh\g_ ³dZjdZki_jbn_jby´ H^gZdh [ZeZgk kljmdlmjguo dhfihg_glh\ ihdZaZe qlh g_b^_glbnbpbjh\ZgghchklZ_lkyhl^hfZkku]mfmkh\uodbkehlWlhih\k_c \b^bfhklb k\yaZgh k qZklbqguf jZajmr_gb_f dZjdZkghc qZklb]mfmkh\uodbkehl^h&22ijb`_kldhc^_kljmdpbb;ehd-ko_fu \_kvfZ m^h[gu ^ey h[s_c oZjZdl_jbklbdb klZlbklbq_kdh]hkljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h^gZdh hgb g_ iha\heyxl hibku\Zlv bijh]ghabjh\Zlv dhgdj_lgu_ f_oZgbafu mqZklby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbyo < k\yab k wlbf \ agZqbl_evghf qbke_ jZ[hlij_^ijbgbfZebkv ihiuldb i_j_oh^Z d fhe_dmeyjghfm mjh\gx hibkZgbykljmdlmju l_ oZjZdl_jbklbd_ kljh_gby kj_^g_klZlbklbq_kdhc fhe_dmeu]mfmkh\uodbkehlH^ghcbai_j\uolZdbonhjfmey\ey_lkynhjfmeZDZkZlhqdbgZ(1953 ]ij_^eh`_ggZy ^ey hibkZgby kljmdlmj =D \u^_e_gguo ba hdbke_ggh]h m]ey>Hjeh\ @<^Zgghcnhjfme_ij_^klZ\e_glhevdhm]e_jh^guckd_e_l=Dhims_gu \k_ hklZevgu_ ih^jh[ghklb kljh_gby Kh]eZkgh nhjfme_DZkZlhqdbgZ ^ey =D oZjZdl_jgZ iehkdZy ZlhfgZy k_ldZ pbdebq_kdbihebf_jbah\Zggh]h m]e_jh^Z k [hdh\ufb jZ^bdZeZfb \ \b^_ fhe_dmeyjguop_i_c ebg_cgh-ihebf_jbah\Zggh]h m]e_jh^Z g_kmsbfb gZ k_[_ jZaebqgu_ZlhfubZlhfgu_]jmiiuDhfbkkZjh\ufbEh]bgh\uflZd`_bkke_^h\Z\rbfbkljmdlmju=Dm]eyij_^eh`_gZ\ ]kljmdlmjgZynhjfmeZfhghf_jgh]ha\_gZfhe_dmeu=Dkh^_j`ZsZy dhg^_gkbjh\Zggh_ y^jh Ijb wlhf gZebqb_ dhg^_gkbjh\Zggh]h59ZjhfZlbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z ih^l\_j`^_gh bkke_^h\Zgb_fijh^mdlh\hdbke_gby>DhfbkkZjh\bEh]bgh\ @H^gZdhgZebqb_iehkdh]hdhg^_gkbjh\Zggh]hy^jZijhlb\hj_qblwdki_jbf_glZevguf^Zggufhkljh_gbb]mfmkh\uodbkehl^jm]bo ijbjh^guo kj_^ ohly ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ^ey =D m]ey ^heydhg^_gkbjh\Zgguokljmdlmjfh`_l[ulv\_kvfZ\_ebdZKljmdlmjgu_ nhjfmeu k ebg_cguf jZkiheh`_gb_f y^_j [uebij_^eh`_gu>jZ]mgh\ufjbk 1.7bKlb\_gkhghfjbk 1.8).HOOC6H11O5COOH OCH2H2CCHCH2 OCHNOOHCH CH2CH2 OOOCHCH 2ONH 2COOHOCONH C 8H18O3NJbk 1.7.

Kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu =D ihq\ ih >jZ]mgh\m pbl ih[Ziechmann, 1988]).COOH COOHHOOCOOHR CHOHOOHNOOOOHOHCOOHC6H11O5OOOHOOOHNHNR CHCONHCOOHOORJbk 1.8. Kljh_gb_fhe_dmeu=Dihq\>6WHYHQVRQ@.>hklhbgkl\hf ^Zgguo kljmdlmjguonhjfmey\ey_lkyijbkmlkl\b_\gboijZdlbq_kdb\k_o\Z`g_crbokhklZ\eyxsbokljmdlmju=DH^gZdhijbwlhf^Zggu_ nhjfmeu iehoh kh]eZkmxlky k j_amevlZlZfb hdbkebl_evghc^_]jZ^Zpbb ld \k_ [_gahevgu_ dhevpZ \ gbo bf_xl dbkehjh^gu_aZf_klbl_ebIhfbfhwlh]hbkihevah\Zgb_^Zgguonhjfmefh`_lijb\_klbdkebrdhfmijhs_gghcljZdlh\d_kljmdlmju=Dqlhg_h^ghdjZlghhlf_qZehkvfgh]bfbbkke_^h\Zl_eyfb>Hjeh\ 1990; Beyer, 1996].>jm]Zy lhqdZ aj_gby gZ kljh_gb_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hljZ`_gZ \kljmdlmjghc ko_f_ ³kljhbl_evgh]h [ehdZ” Rgblp_jZ [Schnitzer andKhan, 1972] Kh]eZkgh ^Zgghc ko_f_ hkgh\m ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl khklZ\eyxln_ghe- b [_gaheihebdZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu k\yaZggu_ aZ kq_l \Zg-^_j\ZZevkh\uo kbe b \h^hjh^guo k\ya_c H^gZdh lZdZy kbkl_fZ g_ fh`_l [ulvmklhcqb\Z d ^_ckl\bx ^_l_j]_glh\ b dbkehl b ^he`gZ e_]dh jZkiZ^Zlvky gZ60ijhklu_ fhghf_jgu_ _^bgbpu qlh g_ ih^l\_j`^Z_lky wdki_jbf_glZevgufb^Zggufb < lh `_ \j_fy kh^_j`Zgb_ hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo njZ]f_glh\ \^Zgghc kljmdlmj_ ohjhrh kh]eZkm_lky k j_amevlZlZfb jZaebqguo f_lh^h\bkke_^h\Zgby=bihl_lbq_kdZyfh^_evkljmdlmjgh]hnjZ]f_glZ]mfmkh\uodbkehlihq\ij_^eh`_ggZy Deycgo_fi_e_f >.OHLQKHPSHO @ jbk 1.1 ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcihiuldmh^gh\j_f_gghkhojZgblv^_lZevgh_hibkZgb_kljmdlmju=DbihdZaZlv __ klZlbklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j Wlh ^hklb]Z_lky aZ kq_l qj_af_jghc]jhfha^dhklb nhjfmeu \ dhlhjhc Z\lhj ijb\h^bl ijZdlbq_kdb \k_\hafh`gu_we_f_glukljmdlmjubkihkh[ubokhqe_g_gby<hafh`gh^ZggZynhjfmeZgZb[he__iheghhljZ`Z_lgZ[hjkljmdlmjguonjZ]f_glh\]mfmkh\uodbkehl ohly hgZ g_h^ghdjZlgh ih^\_j]ZeZkv djblbd_ \ qZklghklb \ k\yab kqj_af_jgh\ukhdbfkh^_j`Zgb_fZahlZ&22+2&22+2+2&22+&22+&22+2&+2+2+&+&22+2+2&22+&22+&22+&22+1+2+2+&22+&22+22+1+&22+2+&22+&22+&12+&22+2&22+&+2&+&22+&22+2+1&+&22+&22+&+&22+&22+&+2&22+2+22+&22+ &22+&+22+2&+2+&22+2&22+2+&12+2&+&+2+22+2&22+&+Jbk 1.9.

Kljh_gb_ g_]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb fhe_dmeu =D ihq\[Schulten, 1994].KljmdlmjgZy nhjfmeZ =D ihq\ \dexqZxsZy \ k_[y ^ebgghp_ihq_qgu_ZebnZlbq_kdb_ fhklbdb [ueZ ij_^eh`_gZ Rmevl_ghf >6FKXOWHQ @jbk 1.9>ZggZykljmdlmjgZyfh^_ev[ueZih^\_j]gmlZh[rbjghcdjblbd_\k\yab k l_f qlh Z\lhj g_ mqblu\Ze \ jZkq_lZo \hafh`gu_ hrb[db f_lh^Zibjheblbq_kdhc fZkk-ki_dljhf_ljbb >Stevenson, 1972@ Ihfbfh wlh]h61ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ^ZggZy nhjfmeZ gZjZ\g_ k ij_^u^ms_cij_^klZ\ey_lkykebrdhf]jhfha^dhc^ey\hkijbylbyHkgh\guf ^hklhbgkl\hf hibkZggh]h kihkh[Z ij_^klZ\e_gbybgnhjfZpbb h kljh_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl y\ey_lky gZ]ey^ghklv D qbkemg_^hklZldh\hlghkblkyg_\hafh`ghklv__bkihevah\Zgby\mdZaZgghf\b^_^ey\ujZ[hldbdeZkkbnbdZpbhgguoijbagZdh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlbj_r_gbyaZ^Zqijh]ghaZ bo k\hckl\ >ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh qbke_ggh_ hibkZgb_ kljmdlmjudhlhju_ [u iha\hebeh hibkZlv hkgh\gu_ aZdhghf_jghklb b ki_pbnbdmkljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ \b^_ gZ[hjZ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\>ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh kgb`_gb_ mjh\gy ^_lZebaZpbb bgnhjfZpbbKms_kl\mxsb_ih^oh^Zfdj_r_gbx^Zgguoijh[e_fhibkZgu\ke_^mxs_fjZa^_e_1.7.2 Qbke_ggh_hibkZgb_kljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehlH^bgbagZb[he__rbjhdhjZkijhkljZg_gguokihkh[h\ijbf_gyxsboky^ey qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k p_evx \uy\e_gbyaZdhghf_jghkl_c bo h[jZah\Zgby b ljZgknhjfZpbb y\ey_lky ihkljh_gb_^bZ]jZff <Zg-Dj_\_e_gZ Kihkh[ hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ]jZnbq_kdhfij_^klZ\e_gbb^Zgguo\dhhj^bgZlZo+&–2&bkem`blm^h[gufijb_fhf^ey ^_fhgkljZpbb \deZ^Z ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b dhg^_gkZpbb \ baf_g_gb_we_f_glgh]hkhklZ\Zij_iZjZlh\>.OHLQKHPSHO @GZhkgh\Zgbb^bZ]jZff<Zg-Dj_\_e_gZ [ueh mklZgh\e_gh qlh ijhp_kk ]mfbnbdZpbb jZklbl_evguohklZldh\ \uau\Z_l kgb`_gb_ dZd khhlghr_gby +& lZd b 2& >.OHLQKHPSHO1970; Rise and Sulbu, 1989@ lh _klv khijh\h`^Z_lky m\_ebq_gb_f ^hebdhg^_gkbjh\Zgguo kljmdlmj \ fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl J_adhh[hkh[e_ggh_ iheh`_gb_ ND gZ ^bZ]jZff_ iha\hebeh Z\lhjm jZ[hlu>.OHLQKHPSHO @ ij_^iheh`blv qlh f_oZgbaf bo h[jZah\Zgby bajZklbl_evguo hklZldh\ ijbgpbibZevgh bghc g_`_eb q_f ^ey =D Dg_^hklZldZf^Zggh]hih^oh^Zhlghkblky^h\hevghgbadZy^bkdjbfbgbjmxsZykihkh[ghklv bkihevam_fuo ^_kdjbilhjh\ we_f_glgh]h khklZ\Z dhlhju_hibku\Zxl kZfuc gbadbc mjh\_gv – Zlhfguc – kljmdlmjghc hj]ZgbaZpbb]mfmkh\uodbkehl< ebl_jZlmj_ hibkZgh b kh\f_klgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ j_amevlZlh\we_f_glgh]h b nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ ^ey qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby kljh_gby]mfmkh\uo dbkehl LZd gZ bkihevah\Zgbb ^Zgguo we_f_glgh]h ZgZebaZ bba\_klgh]h kh^_j`Zgby &22+ b & 2 ]jmii hkgh\u\Z_lky wfibjbq_kdZynhjfmeZ jZkq_lZ kl_i_gb [_gahb^ghklb α ij_^eh`_ggZy >K Hjeh\uf>Hjeh\@62α K[_gaK[_gaKZe)(1.9)IjbwlhfK[_ga K–KZe – COOH – CO,KZe = (H/C + 2K•HK– 0.2K – “ dhwnnbpb_gl mq_lZ dbkehjh^guo nmgdpbc” jZkkqblu\Z_fuc ba^ZgguonmgdpbhgZevgh]hZgZebaZJZa\blb_f lZdh]h ih^oh^Z y\ey_lky f_lh^ F 3HUGXH iha\heyxsbcklZlbklbq_kdb hp_gb\Zlv gZb[he__ \_jhylgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ m]e_jh^Z f_`^mZjhfZlbq_kdbfb b ZebnZlbq_kdbfb njZ]f_glZfb >3HUGXH, 1984@ Bkoh^gufb^Zggufb ^ey jZkq_lZ y\eyxlky we_f_glguc khklZ\ b kh^_j`Zgb_dZj[hdkbevguo b obghgguo ]jmii Ko_fZ jZkq_lZ hkgh\ZgZ gZ j_r_gbbkbkl_fumjZ\g_gbc111Ctotal – [COOH] – [C=O](H/C)al(H/C)ar(H/C)xs = Htotal – [COOH](1.10)(U/C)al(U/C)ar(U/C)xsUtotal – [COOH] – [C=O]\ dhlhjhc +&al, (H/C)ar, (H/C)xs – ³iZjpbZevgu_” khhlghr_gby +& Z(U/C)al, (U/C)ar, (U/C)xs – “ iZjpbZevgu_” dhebq_kl\Z ^\hcguo k\ya_c bpbdebq_kdbokljmdlmj\ZjvbjmxlkykemqZcgufh[jZahf\aZ^Zgguoij_^_eZoKxs ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc VS2-]b[jb^bah\Zgguc m]e_jh^ g_ \dexq_gguc \>&22+@ b >& 2@ IhemqZ_fuc \ j_amevlZl_ fZkkb\ j_r_gbc ^&al, Car, Cxs}oZjZdl_jbam_l jZkij_^_e_gb_ \hafh`guo k lhqdb aj_gby gZqZevguo mkeh\bciZjZf_ljh\kljh_gbym]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZIhfbfh wlh]h j_r_gb_ kbkl_fu mjZ\g_gbc iha\hey_l hij_^_eblvgZb[he__ \_jhylgu_ khhlghr_gby +& b 8& ^ey dZ`^h]h ba jZkkqblZgguoiZjZf_ljh\ &i Ih ^Zgguf Z\lhjZ jZkkqblZggu_ iZjZf_lju m]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZ &al b &ar \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ kh]eZkmxlky k ^Zggufb 13K YFJ[Perdue, 1984].

>Zgguc ih^oh^ fh`_l [ulv i_jki_dlb\_g dZd k lhqdb aj_gbyjZkq_lZ ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZd b ^ey \_jbnbdZpbbkljmdlmjguo ^Zgguo ij_^hklZ\ey_fuo we_f_glguf ZgZebahf b 13K YFJki_dljhkdhib_c< k\yab k jZa\blb_f f_lh^Z 13K YFJ-ki_dljhkdhibb b ihkl_i_ggh]hij_\jZs_gby __ \ jmlbgguc f_lh^ ZgZebaZ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \k_ [hevr_bkke_^h\Zl_e_c bkihevamxl ^Zggu_ ih kh^_j`Zgbx m]e_jh^Z \ khklZ\_hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo njZ]f_glh\ \ dZq_kl\_ ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljh_gby]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb mklZgh\e_gbb \aZbfhk\yab f_`^m kljmdlmjhc bk\hckl\Zfb^Zgguokh_^bg_gbc[Gauthier et al., 1987; Chin et al, 1994; Haitzeret al, 1999].

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Schnitzer and Hansen, 1970; Bresnahan et al.,1978; FZoZjZ^a_ b^j@;• ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd gZ[hj l_o nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii \jZkl\hj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dhlhju_ ih fg_gbx Z\lhjZ hl\_lkl\_ggu aZk\yau\Zgb_ f_lZeeZ b ih^klZ\eyxlbodhgp_gljZpbx\dhgklZglm (1.12)\dZq_kl\_[L] [Gamble et al., 1970; Pinhero et al., 1994];• ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd l\_j^mx nZam b hibku\Zxl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_lZee-=ND \ l_jfbgZo Z^khj[pbb ijbq_f \ ^ZgghfkemqZ_bkihevamxlfZkkh\mxdhgp_gljZpbx=ND]e>Wit, 1996; Benedettiet al., 1996];dbkehluij_^klZ\eyxldZdgZ[hjg_aZ\bkbfuo• ]mfmkh\u_f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbop_gljh\FKPbih^klZ\eyxlbodhgp_gljZpbxhgZ_s_gZau\Z_lkyf_lZee-wd\b\Ze_glghcdhgp_gljZpb_c=ND\dZq_kl\_[L]>Ebggbd b GZ[b\Zg_p *X\ and Chackrabarti, 1976; Berg and Kramer,1979; Ricart et al., 1996; Yin et al., 1997].?keb ij_^klZ\eylv =ND dZd fhgh^bki_jkgmx njZdpbx lh kms_kl\m_l^\Zf_lh^Ziha\heyxsbcmklZgh\blvkl_obhf_ljbx^Zggh]h\aZbfh^_ckl\by— f_lh^bahfheyjguok_jbc>6FKQLW]HU and Hansen, 1970; Gamble et al., 1970;MacCartney and Mark, 1976@ b f_lh^ Rm[_jlZ [Schubert and Richter, 1948;Shubert et al., 1950; Schubert, 1952].F_lh^ bahfheyjguo k_jbc hq_gv qm\kl\bl_e_g d ih]j_rghklyfhij_^_e_gbyFFijb[hevrhfkhhlghr_gbbm:nZdZd[m^_lihdZaZghgb`_67wlh khhlghr_gb_ \_kvfZ \_ebdh Djhf_ lh]h bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^Zbahfheyjguo k_jbc hkeh`gy_lky h[jZah\Zgb_f g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\Kh]eZkgh f_lh^m Rm[_jlZ ihklmebjmxl h[jZah\Zgb_ fhghy^_jgh]hdhfie_dkZ khklZ\Z M⋅=NDn qlh dZd [m^_l ihdZaZgh gb`_ g_ \k_]^Zdhjj_dlghbbawdki_jbf_glZevghcaZ\bkbfhklbOJ>0 ⋅ =ND>0 @Q@= OJ β Q + Q ⋅ OJ>=ND @ .(1.13)gZoh^yl βn b n.