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dbkehjh^Z ih jZaebqguf nmgdpbhgZevguf ]jmiiZf \]mfmkh\uodbkehlZoihq\ijb\_^_gu\lZ[e 1.2.LZ[ebpZ 1.2JZkij_^_e_gb_dbkehjh^Zf_`^mnmgdpbhgZevgufb]jmiiZfb\]mfmkh\uodbkehlZo ihq\,ih^Zgguf>6FKQLW]HUDQG.KDQ 1972;Stevenson, 1982;Hjeh\ 1992]H[s__kh^_j`Zgb_dbkehjh^ZKHHGKArOHKAlkOHC=Odbkehjh^Z%Mql_ggucdbkehjh^%Ihq\_ggu_]mfbgh\u_dbkehlu37.236.835.4242618332538101513874757473694959990Ihq\_ggu_nmev\hdbkehlu47.344.847.75865611912912131622DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e hdheh dbkehjh^Z \ fhe_dmeZo =D b hdheh95% – \ ND jZkij_^_e_gh f_`^m q_lujvfy lbiZfb nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmiidZj[hdkbevgufb n_ghevgufb b kibjlh\ufb ]b^jhdkbevgufb bdZj[hgbevgufb ijbq_f \deZ^ wlbo ]jmii \ h[s__ kh^_j`Zgb_ dbkehjh^ZjZaebq_g ^ey =D b ND <ur_i_j_qbke_ggu_ nmgdpbhgZevgu_ ]jmiiu \i_j\mxhq_j_^vdZj[hdkbevgu_bn_ghevgu_hij_^_eyxldhfie_dkhh[jZamxsmx kihkh[ghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx dly`_euff_lZeeZfObghggu_ b k_fbobghggu_ F_lh^hf WIJ ihdZaZgh qlh ]mfmkh\uodbkehlZokh^_j`Zgb_g_kiZj_gguowe_dljhgh\khklZ\ey_l-40)×1016kibg][Senesi, 1990] Ijbkmlkl\b_ ^Zgguo ]jmii h[mkeh\eb\Z_l \hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyj_ZdpbckmqZklb_f]mfmkh\uodbkehlihk\h[h^ghjZ^bdZevghfmf_oZgbafm \ qZklghklb \hkklZgh\e_gby bhgh\ f_lZeeh\ \ bo ijbkmlkl\bb b^_dZj[hdkbebjh\Zgb_hl^_evguonjZ]f_glh\]mfmkh\uodbkehl:ahlkh^_j`Zsb_ ]jmiiu Kh^_j`Zgb_ ZahlZ \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZokhklZ\ey_l - lZ[e QZklv - >Hjeh\ Senesi, 1990] ZahlZ\oh^bl \ khklZ\ dZjdZkghc g_]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb HklZevghc ZahlgZoh^blky\khklZ\_i_jbn_jbq_kdhc]b^jhebam_fhcqZklbIh ^Zgguf him[ebdh\Zgghf \ fhgh]jZnbb >K Hjeh\Z >Hjeh\ @Zahl i_jbn_jbq_kdhc qZklb jZkij_^_ey_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf -45%\oh^bl\khklZ\ZfbghdbkehlguohklZldh\-8% –\khklZ\ZfbghkZoZjh\ ijbkmlkl\m_l \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo \ \b^_ khe_c Zffhgby ^h – \g_mklZgh\e_gguo njZ]f_glZo Ijb wlhf Zahl dZjdZkghc qZklb gZoh^blky \khklZ\_ ke_^mxsbo ]jmii 1+2- ]jmiiu k\yaZggu_ k ZjhfZlbq_kdbfbdhevpZfb -NH- b 1- ]jmiiu \ hldjuluo p_iyo bg^hevgu_ ibjjhevgu_ bibjb^bgh\u_ dhevpZ fhklbdh\u_ 15-]jmiiu k\yau\Zxsb_ 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nmgdpbhgZevgh]hkhklZ\Z]mfmkh\uodbkehlh[h[s_gu\lZ[e 1.3.LZ[ebpZ 1.3NmgdpbhgZevguckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehljZaebqgh]hijhbkoh`^_gbybnjZdpbhggh]hkhklZ\Z=jmiiuF_lh^hij_^_e_gbyj_Z]_glKh^_j`dhebqf_lh^Ebl_jZlmjZffhev]=Dihq\KHHGKHHGArOHArOH+ROHCH3HG+&OP_ca_ey2.1-3.1–Ihl_gpbhf_ljby3.4K+3&22&ZLbljh\Zgb_1.5-4.7Schnitzer and Khan, 1972Piccolo and Camici, 1990K+2N2P_ca_ey4.7-7.2Right and Schnitzer, 1960K+2N25.7-8.7Stevenson and Butler, 1969CH3I+Ag2O6-9Schnitzer and Desjardins, 1970Piccolo and Camici, 1990,Herbert eta al., 1993>jZ]mgh\ 1951Brunelot et al., 1989–Ihl_gpbhf_ljby3-6(CH3)2SO4P_ca_ey3.7-8.3Ruffaldi and Schnitzer, 19727.8-10.1Stevenson and Butler, 19696.9-9.2Wright and Schnitzer, 1959>jZ]mgh\ 1951(CH3)2SO4Ac2H3\Lbljh\Zgb_=DlhjnZKHHGCH3COOCaLbljh\Zgb_2.3-4.6COOH+ArOHBa(OH)2Lbljh\Zgb_6.2-8.5"–"KHHGCH3HG+&OP_ca_ey2.0-3.2DmoZj_gdh 1937=Dm]eyCOOHK+3&22&ZLbljh\Zgb_2.0-3.6DmoZj_gdh 1937DmoZj_gdh 1937aArOH+ROH(CH3)2SO4P_ca_ey3.8-4.3DmoZj_gdh 1937ArOH+ROHBa(OH)2Lbljh\Zgb_7.2-8.7Kukdh\ 1936=D^hgguohleh`_gbcKHHGLbljh\Zgb_2.2-3.9Lbljh\Zgb_3.7-5.8CH3HG+&OP_ca_ey2.6-3.0>jZ]mgh\ 1951CH3COOCaLbljh\Zgb_8.5-9.1Stevenson, 1982Schnitzer and Gupta, 1965CH3COOCaCOOH+ArOHKHHGGillam and Riley, 1982"–"24=jmiiuF_lh^hij_^_e_gbyj_Z]_glKh^_j`dhebqf_lh^Ebl_jZlmjZffhev]NDihq\KHHGK+2N2P_ca_ey5.3-5.8ArOHBa(OH)2Lbljh\Zgb_9-14Stevenson, 1982Schnitzer and Gupta, 1965ArOH+ROHAc2H3\Lbljh\Zgb_6.7-10Wright and Schnitzer, 1959>jZ]mgh\ 1951NDih\_joghklguo\h^=@O3.8-4.3Arsenie et al., 1992G-YFJ6.8-7.6Noyes and Leenheer, 1994K+2N2KHHGK+2N21(CH3Si)2NH29ArOH5.8Herzog et al., 1996-Ihl_gpbhf_ljby4.7-4.8Ephraim et al., 1989CH3COOCaLbljh\Zgb_4.6-10.1Gillam and Riley, 1982=@O13Ephraim et al., 1989G-YFJ4.4Noyes and Leenheer, 19946.6Herzog et al., 1996Ephraim et al., 1989Ac2H3\ArOH+ROHSi-YFJAc2H3\1(CH3Si)2NH29Si-YFJ–Ihl_gpbhf_ljby6.1-6.7CH3COOCaLbljh\Zgb_12.2Gillam and Riley, 1982G-YFJ1.4Schnitzer and Desjardins, 1962Ac2H1D+&231ND]jmglh\uo\h^KHHG–Ihl_gpbhf_ljby4.2-5.6KHHGArOH–Ihl_gpbhf_ljby4.8-8.1Ephraim et al., 1989"–"NDfhjkdbo\h^KHHGCH3COOCaLbljh\Zgb_4.4-8.9Gillam and Riley, 1982KHHGBa(OH)2Lbljh\Zgb_5.3-13.4"–"ArOH* F_lh^ P_ca_ey hkgh\Zg gZ jZks_ie_gbb f_lbeh\uo wnbjh\ bh^ghc dbkehlhc kihke_^mxsbf hdbke_gb_f h[jZamxs_]hky f_lbebh^b^Z ^h bh^Z dhlhjuc aZl_fhllbljh\u\Z_lkylbhkmevnZlhfBa kjZ\g_gby ijb\_^_gguo \ lZ[ebp_ ^Zgguo fh`gh k^_eZlv \u\h^ hlhf qlh f_lh^u hkgh\Zggu_ gZ obfbq_kdhc fh^bnbdZpbb ^Zxl \ kj_^g_f[he__ gbadb_ j_amevlZlu ih kjZ\g_gbx k lbljbf_ljbq_kdbfb Ih-\b^bfhfmwlh k\yaZgh k l_f qlh kl_jbq_kdb_ nZdlhju ij_iylkl\mxl dhebq_kl\_gghfmijhl_dZgbxj_Zdpbckhj]Zgbq_kdbfbj_Z]_glZfb\[hevr_ckl_i_gbg_`_ebk bhgZfb f_lZeeh\ F_lh^u obfbq_kdhc fh^bnbdZpbb \ jZ[hl_ g_bkihevah\Zebihwlhfmgb`_[m^mlh[km`^_guf_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dlulhevdhlbljbf_ljbq_kdbof_lh^h\ZgZebaZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl251.2.2 F_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dlulbljbf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ]mfmkh\uodbkehlH[jZlgh_baZf_klbl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_.