Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности Системы автоматического управления (2006) (Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности "Системы автоматического управления" (2006)), страница 4

We recognize that the automatic machine is well suited to some tasks, while often tasks are bestcarried out by humans.TASK 14. Describe the work of a manual control system for regulatingthe level of fluid using Fig. 1.TASK 15. Compose sentences with some of the words from the text"Examples of Modern Control Systems " and exchange yournotebooks with your group-mates for further translation:to obtain, to be familiar with, to compare, to cause, to reduce,human assistance, to be capable of, accuracy and precision.TASK 16. React to the following statements and questions using theverb "to obtain ". Mind: "to obtain " means to get something bymaking effort (to obtain data, evidence, information, knowledge,result, degree). Example: - You obtained valuable information,didn't you?- Yes, I'm glad to tell you, I succeeded in obtainingimportant information.1.

I hear you obtained some convincing experimental evidenceto prove your hypothesis.2. When did you obtain your degree?3.1 suppose you obtained a lot of experience through your work. 4.1hope the results obtained by you will help you to proceed with yourwork.TASK 17. Translate the sentences using the verbs "to advise" or "toconsult". Mind: you consult your scientific adviser; he advisessomething to you.1. Я должен посоветоваться со своим руководителем.2.

Кто посоветовал вам использовать этот метод?3. Мой руководитель советовал мне использовать другойподход к решению этой проблемы.4. Они не советовались со мной.5. Я советую вам проверить свои данные еще раз.TASK 18. Speak about feedback control, the desired course of anautomobile, closed-loop sequence, a thermostat, water heater,industrial robotics, beginning with the introductory phrases: furtherstudy proves, careful research demonstrates, thorough studyconfirms, extensive investigations make it clear, numerousexperiments suggest, detailed analysis shows.Fig. 1. The work of a manual control system for regulating the level of fluid18TASK 19. Be ready to speak about any example of a modern controlsystem.19TASK 20.

Translate the text without a dictionary.TEXT 2C. AutomationAutomation is automatic operation and control of machinery or processes by devices, such as robots that can make and execute decisionswithout human intervention. The principal feature of such devices istheir use of self-correcting control systems that employ feedback, i.e.,they use part of their output to control their input.

Once the automatedprocess is set up, human participation in the manufacturing process involves little more than maintenance and repair of the equipment. In atypical automated manufacturing process, the feeding in of materials,the machine operation, the transfers from one machine to another, thefinal assembly, the removal, and the packing are all done automatically.In some automated manufacturing, a single robot with interchangeabletool heads performs all of the various manufacturing assignments. Atvarious stages in the operation are inspection devices that reject substandard products and adjust the machinery to correct any malfunction.Since electronic computers are able to store, select, record, and presentdata systematically, they are widely used to direct automated systems.Automation is applied in industry to the manufacture of foodstuffs,chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and electronic equipment, and is used insteel mills, automobile plants, and coal mines.

Another application is itsuse in the launching, aiming, and guidance of military rockets. Automation has also been applied to information handling, resulting inautomatically prepared bills and reports and the solution of many engineering problems. It offers high quality products together with greatsavings in costs.A minute for restOriginalityOriginal thoughtis a straightforward process. It'seasy enoughwhen you know what to do.You simply combinein appropriate dosesthe blatantly falseand the perfectly true.20Thrift Nobody can be luckyall the time; so when your luck deserts you insome fashion don't think you've been abandoned inyour prime but rather that you are saving up yourration.Essential Vocabularyadaptive system - адаптивная системаadd v - прибавлять, складыватьarousev - вызывать, возбуждатьautomationn - автоматизацияbituminousadj - битумный, битуминозныйcontrol engineering - техника автоматического управленияdetermine v - определятьdisplacement n - вытеснениеeasing n - облегчение, ослаблениеerror n - ошибка; отклонение от заданной величиныexcitement п - возбуждение; интересexpenditures п - затратыgain п - рост, увеличение; коэффициент усиленияgoal-oriented system - целевая системаinauguratev - начинать, открыватьinflationary cost - инфляционная ценаinformation processing- обработка информацииlabour productivity - производительность трудаlearning system - обучающаяся системаligniten - лигнит, бурый угольmalfunction п - неисправная работа; неправильное срабатываниеmomentous adj - имеющий важное значениеoffset v - возмещать, компенсироватьрасе п - скорость, темпreduce v - уменьшать, сокращатьrefer to v - отсылать к; ссылаться на; упоминать оrespond v - отвечать, соответствоватьrobust system- робастная/устойчивая системаself-correcting system - самокорректирующаяся система21self-organizing system - самоорганизующаяся системаspecified tolerance - заданный допускstable adj - устойчивыйsubtract v — вычитатьvirtuallyadv - в сущности, фактическиUNIT3TASK 1.

Read and translate the text. Be ready to give definitions tosuch concepts as "design ", "specification ", "tradeoff", "design gap", "synthesis ".TEXT ЗА. Engineering DesignEngineering design is the central task of the engineer. Design isthe process of conceiving or inventing the forms, parts, and detailsof a system to achieve a reasoned purpose. It is a complex process inwhich both creativity and analysis play a central role.Design activity can be thought of as planning for the emergenceof a particular product or system. Design is a structured, innovativeact whereby the engineer creatively uses knowledge and materials tospecify the shape, function, and material content of a system.

Thedesign steps are: 1) to determine a need arising from the values ofvarious groups, covering the spectrum from public policy makers tothe consumer; 2) to specify in detail what the solution to that needmust be and to embody these values; 3) to develop and evaluatevarious alternative solutions to meet these specifications; and 4) todecide which one is to be designed in detail and fabricated.Of course, the design process is not a linear, step-by-stepactivity, but rather an iterative, reactive process. It includes severaltest points and continuous examination of intermediate results.Another factor in realistic design is the limitation of time.

Designtakes place under imposed schedules, and we eventually settle for adesign which may be less than ideal, but considered "good enough".A major challenge for the designer is to write the specificationsfor the technical product. Specifications are those statements whichexplicitly state what the device or product is to be and do. Thedesign of technical systems aims to achieve appropriate designspecifications and rests on four characteristics: 1) complexity, 2)tradeoffs, 3) gaps, and 4) risk.Complexity of design results from the wide range of tools,issues, and knowledge to be used in the process. The large number offactors to be considered illustrates the complexity of the designspecification activity, not only in assigning these factors theirrelative importance in a22-23particular design, but also in giving them substance either innumerical or written form, or both.The concept of tradeoff involves the need to make a judgment abouthow much of a compromise one makes between two conflicting criteria,both of which are desirable.

The design process requires an efficientcompromise between desirable but conflicting criteria.In making a technical device there is frequently a design gap or voidto the extent that the final product does not appear the same as it hadbeen visualized. For example, our image of the problem we're solving isnot what appears in written description and ultimately in thespecifications. Such gaps are intrinsic in the progression from an abstract idea to its realization.This inability to make absolutely sure predictions of the performance of a technological object leads to major uncertainties about theactual effects of the designed devices and products.

These uncertaintiesare embodied in the idea of unintended consequences or risk. The resultis that designing a system is a risk-taking activity.Complexity, tradeoff, gaps, and risk are inherent in designing newsystems and devices. While they can be minimized by considering allthe effects of a given design, they are always present in the design process.Within engineering design, there is a fundamental difference between the two major types of thinking which must take place: engineering analysis and synthesis. Attention is focused on models of thephysical systems which are analyzed to provide insight and which pointin directions for improvement.

On the other hand, synthesis is the process by which these new physical configurations are created.The main approach to the most effective engineering design is parameter analysis and optimization. Parameter analysis is based on: 1)identification of the key parameters; 2) generation of the system configuration; and 3) evaluation of how well the configuration meets theneeds. These three steps form an iterative loop. Once the key parameters are identified and the configuration synthesized, the designer canoptimize the parameters.