Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности Системы автоматического управления (2006) (Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности "Системы автоматического управления" (2006)), страница 2

Read and translate the text.TEXT IB. History of Automatic Control (Part П)Frequency-domain techniques continued to dominate the field ofcontrol following World War II with the increased use of the Laplacetransform and the complex frequency plane. During the 1950s, the emphasis in control engineering theory was on the development and use ofthe s-plane methods and, particularly, the root locus approach.

Furthermore, during the 1980s, the utilization of digital computers forcontrol components became routine. These new controlling elementspossessed an ability to calculate rapidly and accurately that was formerly not available to the control engineer. There are now over ninetythousand digital process control computers installed in the UnitedStates. These computers are employed especially for process controlsystems in which many variables are measured and controlled simultaneously by the computer.With the advent of Sputnik and the space age, another new impetuswas imparted to control engineering. It became necessary to designcomplex, highly accurate control systems for missiles and space probes.Furthermore, the necessity to minimize the weight of satellites and tocontrol them very accurately has spawned the important field of optimalcontrol. Due to these requirements, the time-domain methods due toLiapunov, Minorsky, and others have met with great interest in the lastdecade.

New theories of optimal control have been developed by L.S.Pontryagin in Russia and R. Bellman in the United States. It nowappears that control engineering must consider both the time-domain6and the frequency domain approaches simultaneously in the analysisand design of control systems.7TASK 15. Ask questions using question-words "who" or "what".Example: The time-domain methods are due to Liapunov and Minorsky.Who are the time-domain methods due to?1. New theories of optimal control are due to L.S. Pontryagin.2. New impetus is due to the advent of Sputnik.3. The discrepancy is due to many reasons.4. The temperature regulator was due to Cornelius Drebbel.5.

This discovery is due more or less to pure accident.TASK 16. Recast the following sentences using the expression "to bedue to".Example: The first pressure regulator was invented by Dennis Papin.The first pressure regulator was due to Dennis Papin.1. The establishment of these facts resulted from a long period ofexperimental research.2. The complexity of the problem brought forth some misunderstanding.3. The development of digital computers leads to rapid advancesin control engineering.4. The complexity of military systems causes an extension of theavailable control techniques.5.

The increasing interest in achieving optimum performancefostered the development of new insights and methods.3. J.Z. Maxwell formulated a mathematical theory related to controltheory.4. Philon devised an oil lamp.5. Henry Ford introduced mechanized assembly machine for automobile production.TASK P. Paraphrase the sentences below according to the example.Example To my mind, the text is very interesting. I find the text veryinteresting.1. To my mind, the experiment is very important.2. To my mind, the idea is rather complicated.3.

To my mind, the data are accurate.4. To my mind, this invention is very helpful.TASK 20. Describe Watt's flyball governor work using Fig. 1 and thework of г water-level float regulator using Fig. 2.ОTASK 17. Insert "due to " or "to be due to ".1. The errors... careless analysis.2. The flyball governor... James Watt.3. The problem could be solved... very careful investigations.4. The failures of the experiment... absence of necessary equipment.5. This invention... Heron of Alexandria.TASK 18.

Paraphrase the sentences below using the expressions "to befamous for", "to be distinguished for", "to be known for". Example:Columbus discovered America.Columbus is famous for his discovery of America.1. L.S. Pontryagin developed the theory of optimal control.2.1. Polzunov invented the water-level float regulator.Fig. 1. Watt's flyball governorFig. 2. Water-level float regulatorTASK "A. Look at the list of the selected historical developments ofcontrol systems, translate it and ask questions using the question word"who ".1769 Jams Watt's steam engine andgovernor developed.

The Watt steam engine is often used to mark thebeginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. During theindustrial revolution, great89strides were made in the development of mechanization, a technologypreceding automation.1800 Eli Whitney's concept ofinterchangeable parts manufacturing demonstrated in the production ofmuskets. Whitney's development is often considered as the beginningof mass production.1868 J.C. Maxwell formulates amathematical model for a governor control of a steam engine.1913 Henry Ford's mechanized assemblymachine introduced for automobile production.1927 H.W.Bode analyzes feedback amplifiers.1932 H.

Nyquist develops a methodfor analyzing the stability of systems.1952 Numerical control (NC) developedat Massachusetts Institute of technology for control of machine-toolaxes.1954 George Devol develops"programmed article transfer" considered to be the first industrial robotdesign.1960 First Unimate robot introduced,based on Devol's designs. Unimate installed in 1961 for tending diecasting machines.TASK 22. Enlarge the list using the facts from Texts A and B.TASK 23. Speak about the history of automatic control.TASK 24.

Translate the text with a dictionary.TEXT 1С. Control systemsControl systems are combinations of components (electrical, mechanical, thermal, or hydraulic) that act together to maintain actualsystem performance close to a desired set of performance specifications. Open-loop control systems (e.g., automatic toasters and alarmclocks) are those in which the output has no effect on the input (Fig. 1).Fig. 1. An open-loop control system10Closed-loop control systems (e.g., thermostats, engine governors,automotive cruise-control systems, and automatic tuning control circuits) are those in which the output has an effect on the input in such away as to maintain the desired output value (Fig.

2).Fig. 2. A closed-loop control systemA closed-loop system includes some way to measure its output tosense changes so that corrective action can be taken. The speed withwhich a simple closed-loop control system moves to correct its outputis described by its damping ratio and natural frequency. A system witha small damping ratio is characterized by overshooting the desired output before settling down.

Systems with larger damping ratios do notovershoot the desired output, but respond more slowly.A minute for restWho is a scientist? One who,consuming midnight oil in studiesdiligent* and slow, teaches himself,with painful toil** the things thatother people know.Last things firstSolutions to problemsare easy to find:The problem's a great contribution.What is truly an artis to wring*** from your minda problem to fit a solution.* diligent - прилежный, старательный**toil - тяжелый труд.

***to wring вытаскивать, выуживать.11UNIT 2Essential VocabularyAccurateadj -точный attenuation n —уменьшение, затухание, ослабление bandwidth n ширина полосы частотclosed-loop control system - система управления с обратной связьюcontrol system- система управленияdamping ratio- коэффициент затухания devise v —изобретать, придумывать differential equation - дифференциальноеуравнение domain п — область, сфераelectronic feedback amplifier - усилитель с обратной связьюemphasis п - выразительность, акцентfascinatingadj - увлекательный feedbackcontrol - регулирование с обратной связью float п поплавокflyball governor - центробежный регуляторfoster v - поощрять, благоприятствоватьimperative adj - необходимый, насущныйimpetusп - побудительная сила, толчок, стимулinput п – входinsight п - пониманиеin terms of- с точки зрения; на языке; в терминахopen-loop control system - система управления без обратной связиoutput п - выходperformance п - действие, функционирование; работа; рабочие характеристикиroot locus approach - метод корневого годографаsimultaneouslyadv - одновременноspawn v - порождать, вызывать что-либоtransient oscillations- неустановившиесяколебанияtrial-and-error approach - метод проб и ошибокunstable system - неустойчивая система variable п— переменная величина12TASK 1.