Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности Системы автоматического управления (2006) (1257063), страница 5
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Typically, the designer strives to identify alimited set of parameters - hopefully less than five - to be adjusted.TASK 2. Read and translate the following words:emergence, intermediate, schedule, eventually, major, challenge, issue,criteria, consequence, synthesis.24TASK3. Translate the following derivative groups:- invent, invention, inventive;- create, creator, creature, creative, creatively, creativity;- act, actor, active, activate, activity, actuator;- alter, alteration, alterable, alternative;- limit, limited, limitary, limitless, limitation;- event, eventful, eventuate, eventual, eventually, eventuality;- complex, complexity, complexion;- efficiency, efficient;- predict, prediction, predicted, predictive, predictor;- identity, identical, identify, identification;- accuracy, accurate, accurately, accurateness.23TASK 4.
Find in the text a word that has the same or a similar meaningto the following:major, to compose, specific, to investigate, different, to satisfy, to produce, to define, to demand, certain.TASK 5. Translate the following word combinations: central task,reasoned purpose, complex process, design activity, material content,various alternative solutions, step-by-step activity, reactive process,major challenge, appropriate design specifications, wide range, relativeimportance, particular design, numerical or written form, conflictingcriteria, absolutely sure prediction, risk-taking activity, main approach.TASK 6.
Answer the following questions.1. What are the design steps?2. What does the design process include?3. What is a major challenge for the designer?4. What does complexity of design result from?5. Why does a design gap appear?6. Why is designing a system considered to be a risk-taking activity?7. What is inherent in designing new systems?8.
How can you explain the fundamental difference between engineering analysis and synthesis?9. What is parameter analysis based on?TASK 7. Complete the following statements according to the text.251. Design activity can be thought of as...2. Design takes place under...3. The design of technical systems aims at...4.
The design process requires...5. The inability to make absolutely sure predictions leads to...6. Attention is focused on models of the physical systems which...7. Once the key parameters are identified and the configurationsynthesized...8. The designer strives to...TASK 8.
Translate into Russian paying attention to different ways ofexpressing the idea of discrepancy (discrepancy -разногласие, различие, противоречие). Mind the prepositions.1. These ideas didn't agree with each other.2. The data are not in agreement with the previous observation.3. This assumption won't hold for electrons.4. This type of classification is out of keeping with the fundamentalapproach to the problem.5. This equation is not valid for this theory.6. These ideas do not fit together.7.
The hypothesis is in contradiction to the theory of design gap.8. This statement is not true for linear activity.TASK 9. Answer the questions making use of the expressions: not toagree with, to be out of keeping with, to fit into, to be in contradictionto, to be not valid for, to be not true for. Begin your answers with theexpressions:To my knowledgeFrom my point of view InAs far as I can judgemy opinionExample: What do you think of the results obtained?In my opinion the results obtained are not in agreement with the theory.1. What do you think of the data (the previous observations) reported?2.
What is your opinion of the conclusions (our current knowledge)made?3. How do you regard the information (experimental facts) available?4. What can you say about the classification (the current demands)accepted?5. What can you say about the prediction (our point of view) made?266. How do you estimate the hypothesis (the theory) advanced?TASK 10.
Translate into English:1. Результаты этих исследований неверны.2. Эта оценка сложности проектирования неверна.3. Этот результат не согласуется с ранее полученными данными.4. Ваши выводы противоречат проведенным испытаниям.5. Эти данные не согласуются друг с другом.6. Полученные экспериментальные данные не соответствуютрассматриваемой теории.TASK 11.
Recast the following sentences making use of the expressions: to be characteristic of to be typical of to be characterized by, tobe similar to.1. Design is a complex combination of creativity and analysis.2. Engineer creatively uses everything he knows to find out thecontent of a system.3. To meet these specifications it is necessary to develop and evaluate various alternative solutions.4. The design process includes several continuous test points and anumber of intermediate results.5. If a system is stable, the response to a specific input signal willprovide several new measures.6.
This approach is quite useful because there is a reasonable correlation between the response of a system to a standard test input andthe system's ability to perform under normal operating conditions.7. Many control systems experience input signals comparable to thestandard test signals.TASK 12. Find in Text A the examples of the constructionVerb+Preposition (to think of etc.).
Compose sentences with them (inwritten form) and exchange them with your group-mates for furthertranslation.TASK 13. Read and translate the text.TEXT 3B. Control System DesignThe design of control systems is a specific example of engineeringdesign. Again, the goal of control engineering design is to obtain the27configuration, specifications, and identification of key parameters of aproposed system to meet an actual need.The first step in the design process consists of identifying the variables that one desires to control.
For example, one may state that thegoal is to accurately control the velocity of a motor. The second step isto write the specifications in terms of the accuracy one must attain. Thisrequired accuracy of control will then lead to the identification of a sensor to measure the controlled variable.The designer then proceeds to the first attempt to configure a systemthat will result in the desired control performance.
This system configuration will normally consist of a sensor, the process under control, anactuator, and a controller. The next step consists of identifying a candidate for the actuator. This will, of course, depend on the process, but theactuation chosen must be capable of effectively adjusting the performance of the process. For example, if we wish to control the speed of arotating flywheel, we will select a motor as the actuator. The sensor, inthis case, will need to be capable of accurately measuring the speed.The next step is the selection of a controller, which will often consist of a summing amplifier that will compare the desired response andthe actual response and then forward this error-measurement signal to acompensator.The final step in the design process is the adjustment of the parameters of the system in order to achieve the desired performance.TASK 14.
Match the words from columns A and В to get word combinations from the text and compose sentences with them.AВ1 -keya - accuracy2 - requiredb - flywheel3 - controlledс - signal4 - rotatingd - parameters5 - desirede - response6 - error-measurementf-variableTASK 15. Translate the sentences into English using the following verbswith the appropriate prepositions.to consistto result toto leaddepend to be to, in, of, onto proceedbased1. Предложенная система состоит из приборов, точно рассчитывающих скорость.2. Настоятельная потребность в отличной работе системы привела к появлению совершенно новых современных устройств.3. Эти результаты отразились на выборе контрольного устройства.4.
Все будет зависеть от определения переменных.5. Новые данные основываются на достигнутой точности расчетов.6. Прежде чем приступить к работе, будьте уверены, что точнознаете всю дальнейшую последовательность опыта.TASK 16. Speak about the steps of the design process.TASK 17. Use the words "subject" or "object" instead of their synonymsin the following sentences:1.
This is an excellent collection of articles on diverse topics.2. The aim of my paper is to present the basic ideas of the theory inquestion.3. The author treats a great variety of themes.4. Other topics dealt with in this book are regularly reviewed in scientific journals.5. The purpose of this volume is to analyze the character of anelectrical, mechanical or biological system.TASK 18. Insert the right word: subject, object or subject matter.1. The... of the book is of major importance.2. Many articles of the volume deal with recent advances in the ...3. The... of my thesis is arranged in the following way.4. The...
of the paper is to give some idea about a feedback controlsystem design.5. The ... of my work is to investigate this particular problem.TASK 19. Translate into English.1. Тема моей диссертации2. Тема рецензируемой книги3. Излагаемый материал доклада4. Содержание книги5. Цель сообщения6. Я касаюсь различных аспектов темы.7. Содержание статьи делится на 2 части.29288. Цель моего сообщения - рассказать о полученных нами результатах.9. Предмет исследованияTASK 20. Read and translate the following. Can you add anything?The process of designing a control system generally involves manysteps.
A typical scenario is as follows:1. Study the system to be controlled and decide what types of sensors and actuators will be used and where they will be placed.2. Model the resulting system to be controlled.3. Simplify the model if necessary so that it is tractable.4. Analyze the resulting model, determine its properties.5. Decide on performance specifications.6. Decide on the type of controller to be used.7. Design a controller to meet the specifications, if possible; if not,modify the specifications or generalize the type of controller sought.8. Simulate the resulting controlled system, either on a computer orin a pilot plant.9.
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