Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности Системы автоматического управления (2006) (1257063), страница 3
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Read and translate the text. Be ready to give definitions tosuch concepts as "automation " and "productivity ".TEXT 1A. Control Engineering PracticeControl engineering is concerned with the analysis and design ofgoal-oriented systems. Therefore the mechanization of goal-orientedpolicies has grown into a hierarchy of goal-oriented systems. Moderncontrol theory is concerned with systems with the self-organizing,adaptive, robust, learning and optimum qualities. This interest hasaroused even greater excitement among control engineers.The control of an industrial process (manufacturing, production,and so on) by automatic rather than human means is often called"automation". Automation is prevalent in the chemical, electric power,paper, automobile, and steel industries, among others.
The concept ofautomation is central to our industrial society. Automatic machines areused to increase the production of a plant per worker in order to offsetrising wages and inflationary costs. Thus industries are concerned withthe productivity per worker of their plant. "Productivity" is defined asthe ratio of physical output to physical input. In this case we arereferring to labour productivity, which is real output per hour of work.For example, in a study conducted by the US Commerce Department itwas determined that labour productivity grew at an average annual rateof 2,8 % from 1988 to 2004.
In order to continue these productivitygains, expenditures for factory automation are expected to rise from 5billion dollars in 1998 to 8 billion dollars in 2014. The USmanufacturers currently supply approximately one-half of world-widecontrol equipment.
The transformation of the US labour force in thecountry's brief history follows the progressive mechanization of workthat attended the evolution of the agrarian republic into an industrialworld power.The easing of human labour by technology, a process that began inprehistory, is entering a new stage. The acceleration in the pace oftechnological innovations inaugurated by the Industrial Revolution hasuntil recently resulted mainly in the displacement of human musclepower from the tasks of production.
The current revolution in computer13technology is causing an equally momentous social change: the extension of information gathering and information processing as computersextend the reach of human brain.Control systems are used to achieve 1) increased productivity and 2)improved performance of a device or system. Automation is used toimprove productivity and obtain high quality products. Automation isthe automatic operation or control of a process, device or system.
Weutilize automatic control of machines and processes to produce a productwithin specified tolerances.The term "automation" first became popular in the automobile industry. Transfer lines were coupled with automatic machine tools tocreate long machinery lines that could produce engine parts, such as thecylinder block, virtually without operator intervention. In body-partsmanufacturing, automatic-feed mechanisms were coupled with highspeed stamping presses to increase productivity in sheet-metal forming.In many other areas where designs were relatively stable, such asradiator production, entire automated lines replaced manual operations.With the demand for flexible, custom production emerging in the1990s, a need for flexible automation and robots is growing.There are about 150,000 control engineers in the United States andalso in Japan, and over 100, 000 control engineers in Russia.
The theory,practice and application of automatic control is a large, exciting, andextremely useful engineering discipline. One can readily understand themotivation for a study of modern control systems.TASK 2. Read and translate the following words:hierarchy ['haiara:ki], ratio ['reijisu], expenditure, surface, acceleration, virtually, entire, emerging, extremely.TASK3. Complete the chart and translate the words.Verbto adaptto excite——to create14A.Adjective——inflationaryproductive—B.Verb—to refer—to expect——to replaceNounconcern—determination—supplementevolution—TASK 4.
Find in the text a word that has the opposite meaning to thefollowing:out-of-date, to decrease, falling, to finish, long, regressive, complexity, partly, permanent, useless.TASK 5. A. Translate the following word combinations:goal-oriented system, rising wages and inflationary costs, averageannual rate, productivity gains, world-wide control equipment, easingof human labour, pace of technological innovations, displacement ofhuman muscle power, specified tolerances, entire automatic lines. B.Compose sentences with them.TASK 6.
Complete each sentence with the most appropriate ending.1. The mechanization of goaloriented policies.2. Automatic machines are used3. To continue these productivitygains, expenditures for factoryautomation4. The easing of human labour5. Transfer lines were coupledwith automatic machine tools6. With the demand for flexible,custom productionA. to increase the production ofa plant per worker.B. is entering a new stage.C. a need for flexible automation and robotics is growing.D.
has grown into a hierarchy ofgoal-oriented control systems.E. to create long machinerylines.F. are expected to rise.TASK 7. Translate the followingsentences paying attention to the underlined words.1. Moreover, computers and software have changed the way engineering design is done.152. Despite the seemingly obvious requirement of control systems,it was only in the early 1980s that control researchers developedmathematical techniques to cope with the problem.3.
The approach in these latter formulas is mathematical ratherthan graphical.4. It must be kept in mind that a control engineer's role is notmerely one of designing control systems for fixed plants.5. For this reason it is important that a theory of feedback not onlylead to designs but also indicate directly when the performance objectives cannot be met.TASK 8. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbialmodifier of purpose (чтобы). Remember that in this function the infinitive can be introduced by "in order» or "so as» (formal style).1. To deal with the problem perfectly, we must investigate it thoroughly.2.
In order to define the concept "productivity" we should knowthe difference between physical output and physical input.3. So as to enlarge the number of control engineers, universitiesstress the importance of this useful engineering discipline.4. The article was written to formulate a precise problem of thetheory of feedback control system design.TASK 9. Find in the text the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose and translate them.TASK 10. The infinitive can be also used as an adverbial modifier ofresult with "too" (слишком) and "enough" (достаточно). Combinetwo sentences into one according to the example.Example A: The results are reliable.
They can be published in theproceedings.The results are reliable enough to be published in theproceedings.1. The idea is clear. It can be formulated exactly.2. The phenomenon occurs very often. It can be observed.3. The method is good. It can be used in practice.4. The conclusions are quite reasonable. They account for the abovedata.5. The point is quite trivial. It needn't be mentioned.Example B: The idea is not quite clear. It can't be formulated exactly.The idea is too unclear to be formulated exactly.161.
The measurements are not accurate. They do not contribute thenecessary information.2. The classification is not simple. It can't be used in practice.3. The research is not done carefully. It has no practical application.4. The task is not easy. It can't be done without some preliminarywork.TASK 11. Make the following sentences negative using the verb "to fail"+ infinitive.Example. He succeeded in obtaining new data.He failed to obtain new data. 1.1 managedto complete my work in time.2.
The latest data didn't confirm the previous ones.3. We couldn't increase expenditures for factory automation.4. We couldn't improve the figures of acceleration which were notstable at that moment.TASK 11. Read and translate the text.TEXT 2B. Examples of Modern Control SystemsFeedback control is a fundamental fact of modern industry and society. Driving an automobile is a pleasant task when the auto respondsrapidly to the driver's commands. Many cars have power steering andbrakes, which utilize hydraulic amplifiers for amplification of the forceto the brakes or the steering wheel. The desired course is comparedwith a measurement of the actual course in order to generate a measureof the error. This measurement is obtained by visual and tactile (bodymovement) feedback.
There is an additional feedback from the feel ofthe steering wheel by the hand (sensor). This feedback system is a familiar version of the steering control system in an ocean liner or theflight controls in a large airplane. All these systems operate in a closedloop sequence. The actual and the desired outputs are compared, and ameasure of the difference is used to drive the power amplifier. Thepower amplifier causes the actuator to modulate the process in order toreduce tie error. The sequence is such that if the ship, for instance, isheading incorrectly to the right, the rudder is actuated in order to directthe ship to the left. If the output is subtracted from the input and thedifference is used as the input signal to the power amplifier the systemis called negative feedback control system.
Feedback systems are notalways negative feedback systems in nature. Economic inflation, whichis evidenced by continually rising prices, is a positive feedback system.17A positive feedback control system adds the feedback signal to the input signal, and the resulting signal is used as the input to the process.Other familiar control systems have the same basic elements. A refrigerator has a temperature setting or desired temperature, a thermostatto measure the actual temperature and the error, and a compressor motor for power amplification.
Other examples in the home are the oven,the furnace and the water heater. In industry, there are speed controls,process temperature and pressure controls, position, thickness, composition, and quality controls among many others.Automation is often used for processes that were previously operated by humans. When automated, the process can operate withouthuman assistance or interference. In fact, most automated systems arecapable of performing their functions with greater accuracy and precision, and in less time, than humans are able to do.TASK 13.
Read and translate the following text and ask questions beginning "What...?", "How...?", "Where...?", "In what way...?","Whatfor...?", "When...?"A robot is a computer controlled machine and is a technologyclosely associated with automation. Industrial robotics can be definedas a particular field of automation in which the automated machine (i.e.the robot) is designed to substitute for human labour. To do this, robotspossess certain human-like characteristics. Today, the most commonhuman-like characteristic is a mechanical manipulator that is patternedsomewhat after the human arm and wrist.
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