Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности Системы автоматического управления (2006) (Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П. Обучение чтению литературы по специальности "Системы автоматического управления" (2006))

Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э.БауманаИ.В. Цайтлер, Г.П. КурчаткинаОбучение чтению литературына английском языке по специальности«Системы автоматического управления»Учебно-методическое пособиеМоскваИздательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана2006ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕУДК 802.0 ББК81.2Англ-923Ц12Рецензенты: СЮ. Бабанова, Ю.М, КозловЦайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П.Ц12Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Системы автоматического управления»: Учеб.-метод. пособие. М.: Изд-во МГТУ им.

Н.Э. Баумана, 2006. - 34 с: ил.В пособие включены оригинальные тексты на английском языке по истории,теории и практике автоматического управления, комплекс лек-сико-грамматическихупражнений, задания на развитие навыков устной речи.Для студентов III курса, обучающихся по специальности «Системыавтоматического управления».УДК 802.0ББК 81.2 Англ-923Учебное изданиеИрина Владимировна Цайтлер ГалинаПавловна КурчаткинаОбучение чтению литературына английском языке по специальности«Системы автоматического управления»Редактор Н.М.

МасловаКорректор М.А. ВасилевскаяКомпьютерная верстка КВ. ЗимаковаПодписано в печать 18.10.2006. Формат 60x84/16. Бумага офсетная. Печ. л. 2,25.Усл. печ. л. 2,15. Уч.-изд. л. 2,05. Тираж 200 экз. Изд№ 85. Заказ 19Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. 105005,Москва, 2-я Бауманская, 5.© МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2006Основу пособия составляют оригинальные тексты на английскомязыке (в отдельных случаях незначительно адаптированные) поистории, теории и практике автоматического управления.Пособие состоит из трех тематических разделов, включающихпомимо текстов по специальности задания, позволяющие провестилексико-грамматический анализ этих текстов, понять их содержание исделать квалифицированный перевод на русский язык.Выполняя задания, студенты закрепляют вводимый языковойматериал в результате многократного повторения и использования его вречевой деятельности.В конце каждого раздела помещен активный словарь, в которомданы специальные термины и общеупотребительная лексика,необходимая для перевода текстов.Овладев необходимыми знаниями, студенты и выпускники смогутполучать нужную им информацию, знакомясь с научно-техническойлитературой на английском языке, и вести беседы с иностраннымиколлегами по соответствующей проблематике.Пособие предназначено для студентов Ш курса, обучающихся поспециальности «Системы автоматического управления».The period preceding 1868 was characterized by the developmentof automatic control systems by intuitive invention.

Efforts to increasethe accuracy of the control system led to slower attenuation of the transient oscillations and even to unstable systems. It then became imperative to develop a theory of automatic control.J.C. Maxwell formulated a mathematical theory related to controltheory using a differential equation model of a governor. Maxwell'sUNIT1TASK 1. Read and translate the text. Name the steps in the history of afeedback system.TEXT 1A. History of Automatic Control (Part I)The use of feedback in order to control a system has had a fascinating history.

The first applications of feedback control rest in the development of float regulator mechanisms in Greece in the period 300 to 1B.C. The water clock of Ktesibios used a float regulator. An oil lampdevised by Philon in approximately 250 B.C. used a float regulator formaintaining a constant level of fuel oil. Heron of Alexandria, who livedin the first century A.D., published a book entitled Pneumatica, whichoutlined several forms of water-level mechanisms using float regulators.The first feedback system to be invented in modern Europe was thetemperature regulator of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633) of Holland.Denis Papin (1647-1712) invented the first pressure regulator for steamboilers in 1681.

Papin's pressure regulator was a form of safety regulator similar to a pressure-cooker valve.The first automatic feedback controller used in an industrial processis generally agreed to be James Watt's flyball governor developed in1769 for controlling the speed of a steam engine.

The all-mechanicaldevice measured the speed of the output shaft and utilized the movement of the flyball with speed to control the valve and therefore theamount of steam entering the engine. As the speed increases, the ballweights rise and move away from the shaft axis thus closing the valve.The flyweights require power from the engine in order to turn andtherefore make the speed measurement less accurate.The first historical feedback system claimed by Russia is the waterlevel float regulator said to have been invented by I. Polzunov in 1765.The float detects the water level and controls the valve that covers thewater inlet in the boiler.study was concerned with the effect various system parameters had onthe system performance.

During the same period, LA. Vyshnegradskiiformulated a mathematical theory of regulators.Prior to World War II, control theory and practice developed in theUnited States of America and Western Europe in a different mannerthan in Russia and Eastern Europe. One main impetus for the use offeedback in the United States was the development of the telephonesystem and the electronic feedback amplifiers by Bode, Nyquist, and theBell Telephone Laboratories. The frequency domain was used primarilyto describe the operation of the feedback amplifiers in terms ofbandwidth and other frequency variables.

In contrast, the eminentmathematicians and applied mechanicians in Russia inspired and dominated the field of control theory. Therefore, Russian theory tended toutilize a time-domain formulation using differential equations.A large impetus to the theory and practice of automatic control occurredduring World War П when it became necessary to design and constructautomatic airplane pilots, gun-positioning systems, radar antenna controlsystems, and other military systems based on the feedback control approach. The complexity and expected performance of these military systems necessitated an extension of the available control techniques and fos-tered interest in control systems and the development of new insights andmethods.

Prior to 1940, for most cases, the design of control systems was anart involving a trial-and-error approach. During the decade of the 1940s,mathematical and analytical methods increased in number and utility, andcontrol engineering became an engineering discipline in its own right.TASK 2.

Read and translate the following words:fascinating, mechanism, century, temperature, valve, measurement,intuitive, oscillation, equation, frequency, discipline.TASK 3. Complete the chart and translate the words.VerbNounto applyregulatorto requireto measureperformanceto amplifyextensionto install45TASK 4. A. Make adverbs from the following adjectives:approximate, general, accurate, different, eminent, particular, frequent,rapid, former, simultaneous. B. Compose sentences with them.TASK 5.

Find in the text a word that has the same or a similar meaningto the following:amazing, device, to invent, permanent, rate, motor, to demand, precise, necessary, to connect, prominent.TASK 6. Say what significance the following names have in relation tothe development of control systems.Ktesibios, Heron of Alexandria, Cornells Drebbel, Denis Papin,James Watt, I. Polzunov, J.C. Maxwell, LA. Vyshnegradskii, Bode.TASK 7.

Say what these dates in the text refer to.300 B.C., 250 B.C., 1572, 1712, 1769, 1765, 1868, 1940.TASK 8. Find in the text English equivalents for the following wordcombinations and use them in sentences of your own:увлекательная история; постоянный уровень; паровой котел;менее точный; период, предшествующий... ; появилась настоя-тельная необходимость; ширина полосы (частот); выдающиеся математики.TASK 11.

Find attributive participle phrases in the text and translatethem.TASK 9. Compose sentences with the following expressions from thetext (in written form) and exchange your notebooks with your groupmates for further translation.In order to, similar to, therefore, thus, even, in terms of, furthermore, due to, prior to, in contrast, especially.TASK 12. Translate the following word groups into English:иллюстрированный научный журнал; статья, написанная незнакомым автором; имя, широко известное в научных кругах;текст, переведенный с ошибками.TASK 10. Translate the following participle phrases into Russian.1.

Radar antenna control systems designed during World War IIwere based on...2. A mathematical model for a governor control of a steam engineformulated by J.C. Maxwell became...3. Mechanized assembly machine introduced by Henry Ford wassoon...4. Feedback amplifiers analyzed by H.W. Bode were used...5. A method for analyzing the stability of systems developed by H.Nyquist increased...TASK 13. Look at the expression from the text: trial-and-error approach.In English there are many fixed pairs of words joined by a conjunction "and". Translate some of them and compose sentences of your own.Now and again, up and down, safe and sound, sick and tired, lawand order, wait and see, ins and outs, odds and ends.TASK 14.