Реферат (Реферат (учебное пособие)), страница 2

Task 3. Compare your abstract and summary with those presented below.

Аннотация

Представлен цифровой алгоритм адаптации для корректировки оценок значений весовых коэффициентов фильтра. Описан общий подход к реализации секции фильтра КИХ - типа на примере одиночного цифрового умножителя. Кратко отмечены некоторые трудности использования альтернативных схем для реализации фильтра.

Abstract

Digital adaption algorithm to provide updates for the weight value estimates is presented. Common approach for implementing the FIR filter with a single digital multiplier is described. A number of alternative schemes for filter implementation are briefly touched upon.

Реферат

Рассматривается реализация цифрового алгоритма адаптации в полосе частот в реальном масштабе времени. Алгоритм адаптации выполняет корректировку оценок значений весовых коэффициентов подачей на фильтр выборки входного сигнала и выходного сигнала ошибки процесса оценивания. Общий подход к реализации секции фильтра КИХ – типа рассматривается на примере использования одиночного цифрового умножителя. Каждая пара входных воздействий последовательно поступает на умножитель. Произведение накапливается. Произведение «время – ширина полосы частот» увеличивают каскадированием фильтров без влияния на частоту выборки. Это приводит к применению дополнительных умножителей и увеличению стоимости системы и потребляемой мощности. Альтернативные схемы для реализации фильтра имеют недостатки в отношении их суммарной эффективности.

Summary

The implementation of digital adaption algorithm at real-time bandwidths is considered. It is relatively simple in a computational sense. The main computation is determined by the linear convolution of the input signal samples with the stored filter weights of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The common approach for implementing the FIR filter section uses a single digital multiplier. The inputs ( signal and weight ) are presented to the multiplier sequentially. The multiplication product is accumulated. The time-bandwidth product is extended by cascading filter without affecting the sampling frequency. Alternative schemes for filter have overall circuit efficiency trade-offs.

UNIT 4. MAKING UP A DIALOGUE

Task 1. Read and translate the following summary patterns given below.

Task 2. Analyze the structure of text compression and transformation.

Summary

The interaction between man and machines has become an important topic for the robotic community. It can generalize the use of robots. For active human-robot (H/R) interaction scheme, the robot needs to detect human faces in its vicinity and then interpret canonical gestures of the tracked person assuming this interlocutor has been beforehand identified. We depict functions suitable to detect and recognize faces in video stream and then focus on face and hand tracking functions. An efficient colour segmentation is based on a watershed on the skin-like coloured pixels. A new measurement model is proposed to take into account both shape and colour cues in the particle filter to track face or hand silhouettes in video stream. An extension of the basic condensation algorithm is proposed to achieve recognition of the current hand posture and automatic switching between multiple templates in the tracking loop. Results of tracking and recognition using show the process robustness in cluttered environments and in various light conditions. The limits of the method are to be discussed in future.

Summary

Maes's method is based on interaction with the user. It is realized as the organizer of e-mail and the working schedule. Its "intellectual agents" can evolve to a better performing versions by a principal of genetic selection. Grossberg's model of artificial intelligence is based on imitation of brain cells work. It uses permanent and temporary memory. It is applied in the robots recognizing objects while moving. Conrad's "computer-in-jar" replaces electronic devices altogether with the chemical blocks. It works according to the same type of molecules interaction. It is capable to perform operations inaccessible to conventional computers. These developments are created for optimization and increasing artificial intelligence opportunities.

Summary

Brain flexibility and power to deal with rapidly changing, ambiguous information can in theory be embodied in computer programs. Neural networks mimic brain strategy of having a large number of switch-like modules. These networks have internal feedback. It gives them the ability of reexamining their own decisions and performing better next time. Temporary memory constantly signals the more permanent memory back and forth to imitate short term and long term memory of a person. Versions of Grossberg's feedback networks found appliances at aircraft building and medical care.

Task 3.Try to make up one or two dialogues on the subjects presented in the summary patterns given above. Develop the idea of the dialogue according to your interest and knowledge. Attract your mates to the discussion.

Use a dialogue pattern and common speech patterns given bellow.

4.1. A dialogue pattern

1. Well! Are you going to visit classes?

2. No, I am not. Don’t you know our instructor fell ill. He’ll come in a week, I hope.

1. I am sorry. He is a qualified tutor to my opinion. The lectures he delivers are interesting and informative. Recently he has given the information about Grossberg's model.

2. As I know this model is based on imitation of brain cells work. I am curious about this subject.

A. It is worth to ask the tutor to give more detailed information about the model.

B. I agree with you. As I remember the model uses permanent and temporary memory. It is applied in the robots recognizing objects while moving.

1. Thank you for recalling it. The subject is very interesting and is waiting for its future development and application. We'll discuss it later on. Now I am in a hurry. Good luck.

2. See you.

4.2. Common speech patterns for making up dialogues

The most common speech patterns to be recommended for making up dialogues:

Look here/ well; would you, please, help me/ say a word about…/ can't you be helpful; to my mind…/ to my opinion…/ as for me…/ I hold the opinion that…/ if I am not mistaken; I am glad to be helpful/ I am at your disposal/ I can make the problem simplified; you are right here/ you are wrong here/ I hold the same (opposite) opinion/ I quite agree (disagree) with you/ I am with you here; It’s hardly likely/ it is really so; you’ve surprised me greatly; It’s surprising much to my regret/ do you really mean to say that; what is missing (lacking) in your interpretation…/ I have reason to help you/ it’s common knowledge that…/ to sum up the discussion (in conclusion)/ I’d like to…/ it’s important to clarify; good luck / see you later/ see you/ see !

UNIT 5. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS FOR MAKING UP AN ABSTRACT AND SUMMARY

Task 1. Read and translate the texts. Pay attention to the terms and their explanation. Write them out.

Task 2. Single out the key information of the texts and make up abstracts and summaries by using text compression rule, omitting excessive data ( explanations, repetitions, synonyms, details ). Use terms you have written out.

Task 3. Make up the dialogues to each your summary.

Text 1.The Android Execution Environment

Applications in Android are a bit different from what you may be used to in the desktop and server environments. The differences are driven by a few key concepts unique to the mobile phone environment and unique to Google’s intentions for Android. As you write applications for an Android handset, you will use these concepts to guide the design and implementation of the application:

Limited resources

Mobile phones today are very powerful handheld computers, but they are still limited. The fundamental limitation of a mobile device is battery capacity. Every clock tick of the processor, every refresh of memory, every backlit pixel on the user’s screen take energy from the battery. Battery size is limited, and users don’t like frequent battery charging. As a result, the computing resources are limited— clock rates are in the hundreds of MHz, memory is at best a few gigabytes, data storage is at best a few tens of gigabytes. Throughout this book we will talk about the mechanisms included in Android to optimize for these limited resources.

Mobile mashups

In the desktop Internet world, mashups make it very easy to create new applications by reusing the data and user interface elements provided by existing applications. Google Maps is a great example: you can easily create a web-based application that incorporates maps, satellite imagery, and traffic updates using just a few lines of JavaScript on your own web page. Android extends that concept to the mobile phone. In other mobile environments, applications are separate, and with the ex-ception of browser-based applications, you are expected to code your applications separately from the other applications that are running on the handset. In Android you can easily create new applications that incorporate existing applications. Chapter 13 focuses on these mobile mashups.

Interchangeable applications

In other mobile software environments, applications are coded to access data from specific data providers. If you need to send an email from a Windows Mobile application, for example, you code explicit references to Pocket Outlook’s email interface, and send the email that way. But what if the user wants to use another email client?

Android incorporates a fundamental mechanism (Intents) that is independent of specific application implementations. In an Android application, you don’t say you want to send email through a specific application; instead, you say you want to send an email through whatever application is available. The operating system takes care of figuring out what application can send emails, starts that application if needed, and connects your request so the email can be sent. The user can substitute different browsers, different MP3 players, or different email clients at will, and Android adapts automatically.

Text 2. Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices.

USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if they present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called composite device. An alternative for this is compound device in which each logical device is assigned a distinctive address by the host and all logical devices are connected to a built-in hub to which the physical USB wire is connected.

USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device can have up to 32 endpoints, though USB devices seldom have many endpoints. An endpoint is built into the USB device by the manufacturer and therefore exists permanently, while a pipe may be opened and closed.

There are two types of pipes: stream and message pipes. A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and a status response, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0. A stream pipe is a uni-directional pipe connected to a uni-directional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous, interrupt, or bulk transfer:

• isochronous transfers: at some guaranteed data rate (often, but not necessarily, as fast as possible) but with possible data loss (e.g., realtime audio or video).

• interrupt transfers: devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) (e.g., pointing devices and keyboards).

• bulk transfers: large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency (e.g., file transfers).

Text 3. Adaptive Algorithms for Finite Impulse Response Filters