Ответы к экзамену Олимпиада: Английский язык

1. (a) The concept of the "meme" as a unit of cultural replication was first introduced by
Richard Dawkins. (b) Memetics applies Darwinian principles to cultural evolution, treating
ideas as replicators that spread through imitation. (c) Critics argue it is a simplistic reduction
of human culture to a viral model, neglecting agency and meaning. (d) Its explanatory power
for complex phenomena like language evolution or religious belief remains hotly debated
among anthropologists.

Which sentence serves as a foundational definition that logically precedes the introduction
of the theory and its criticism, thereby breaking the flow from origin to debate? Write the
correct letter in your answer sheet.

2. (a) Thus, the genre's value lies not in prediction but in its capacity for social and
philosophical critique. (b) Cognitive estrangement, a key device in science fiction, uses
unfamiliar settings to defamiliarize and critically examine present-day social norms. (c) By
presenting a distorted reflection of reality, it prompts readers to question assumptions they
take for granted. (d) Ursula K. Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness is a masterful exploration
of gender through this technique.

Which sentence is a concluding statement that is placed at the beginning, severely disrupting
the logical progression from concept to example? Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

3. (a) The "veil of ignorance," a thought experiment by John Rawls, asks us to design a
just society without knowing our own future place within it. (b) This mental exercise is
intended to ensure principles of justice are chosen fairly, without self-serving bias. (c) Rawls
was a 20th-century political philosopher at Harvard. (d) The resulting "difference principle"
allows inequality only if it benefits the least advantaged.

Which sentence is a biographical aside that breaks the chain from thought experiment
description to one of its key outcomes? Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

4. (a) Platformization refers to the transformation of traditional sectors by digital platforms
that intermediate and control access. (b) This creates new dependencies and shifts power to
platform owners who govern through opaque algorithms and terms of service. (c)
Consequently, a core political challenge of our time is the democratic accountability of these
private governance systems. (d) Ride-hailing apps have fundamentally disrupted urban
transportation, creating debates about worker rights and urban congestion.

Which sentence elaborates on the consequence mentioned in the previous sentence, instead
of allowing the paragraph to conclude with the broader political challenge? Write the correct
letter in your answer sheet.

5. (a) The replication crisis in psychology has underscored the importance of open science
practices: pre-registration, data sharing, and larger sample sizes. (b) Statistical significance
(p-values) has often been misinterpreted by researchers and the public alike. (c) These
methodological reforms aim to distinguish robust, reproducible effects from statistical flukes
or questionable research practices. (d) Widespread adoption of these practices is slowly
rebuilding trust in social science research.

Which sentence introduces a related but distinct methodological issue, diverting the focus
from the introduction of the problem to the description of the intended solutions? Write the
correct letter in your answer sheet.

First, carefully read the definitions of the five logical fallacies in the Theoretical Block. Then,
analyze each of the five statements in the Practical Block. Your task is to identify which logical
fallacy is most prominently committed in each statement. Write the corresponding letter (A–
E) in the answer box next to each statement number.

Theoretical Block: Definitions of Fallacies

A. False Cause (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc)
This fallacy assumes that because one event occurred before another, the first event must have
caused the second. It mistakenly confuses correlation or sequence with causation, ignoring other
potential factors or the possibility of coincidence.

B. Ad Hominem (Against the Person)
This fallacy attacks the character, motive, or other personal attributes of the person making an
argument instead of addressing the substance of the argument itself. It attempts to discredit the
argument by discrediting its source.

C. Slippery Slope
This fallacy argues that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related (and
usually negative) events, resulting in an extreme, disastrous outcome. This prediction is made
without sufficient evidence that the chain of events will actually occur.

D. Straw Man
This fallacy involves misrepresenting, exaggerating, or oversimplifying an opponent's
argument to make it easier to attack and refute. By addressing a weakened or distorted version
of the real position, the arguer avoids engaging with the actual, more nuanced point.

E. Appeal to Nature
This fallacy argues that something is good, right, or desirable simply because it is perceived as
"natural," or conversely, that something is bad because it is "unnatural." This line of reasoning
overlooks the fact that natural things are not inherently good, and human-made things are not
inherently bad.

Practical Block: Argument Statements

1. Statement on Public Policy:
"Introducing a one-hour later start time for high schools is a terrible idea. If we let teenagers
sleep in, the next thing you know, they'll demand to start work at noon, productivity will
collapse, and our entire economy will be based on a lazy, nocturnal schedule. We must reject
this change to prevent societal breakdown."

2. Statement on Technology:
"Dr. Vance argues for caution in deploying new artificial intelligence in healthcare, citing data
privacy risks. But consider this: Dr. Vance's own research grant was recently cut for ethical
violations. Why should we trust the judgment of someone with such a questionable professional
background on matters of ethics?"

3. Statement on Nutrition:
"You should only use herbal supplements and avoid all prescription medication. Chemicals
manufactured in a lab are unnatural and toxic to the human body. Anything that comes directly
from a plant, in its pure form, is inherently safer and better for healing."

4. Statement on Urban Planning:
"Opponents of the new bike lane say it's about preserving parking for local businesses. What
they're really saying is that they hate the environment, despise healthy citizens, and want our
city choked with pollution and traffic forever. We can't listen to such anti-progress views."

5. Statement on Economics:
"Look at the dаta: the national economic growth rate declined sharply three months after the
new government was elected. It's obvious that this administration's policies are responsible for
stalling the economy and causing financial hardship for everyone."

Read the word and its definition carefully, as they often contain clues about its origin.
Analyze the word's structure: does it consist of parts from other words (a blend), or does
it contain recognizable prefixes or suffixes? Select the primary linguistic process that most
accurately describes how the word was formed.

1. The term "agnotology" (the study of culturally induced ignorance) is a modern formation
built from Greek roots ("a-" + "gnosis" + "-logy") and is thus:
a) A blend of "ignore" and "ontology"
b) An acronym
c) A neologism via classical derivation
d) A case of semantic broadening

2. The verb "to escalate" gained its modern meaning through:
a) Prefixation of "e-"
b) Conversion from the noun "scale"
c) Blending of "elevate" and "scale"
d) Backformation from the trademark "Escalator" (like "to hoover")

3. The word "bromance" is a contemporary:
a) Blend of "brother" and "romance"
b) Acronym for "Brotherly Romantic Alliance"
c) Result of compounding
d) Example of conversion

4. The adjective "woke" (alert to social injustice) underwent:
a) Semantic shift (amelioration) within a specific sociolect
b) Backformation from "woken"
c) Blending
d) Clipping from "awoken"

5. The noun "heteronormativity" is formed through:
a) Blending of "heterosexual" and "norm"
b) Derivation
c) Compounding
d) An acronym

1. (a) Narrative persuasion is crucial for public health campaigns, where shifting behavior
is the ultimate goal. (b) This theory suggests that stories are more effective than facts in
changing beliefs because they reduce counter-arguing by engaging transportation and
identification. (c) The implications for science communication are equally profound,
necessitating a shift from data-dumping to storycraft. (d) Thus, mastering narrative techniques
becomes essential for any communicator in the digital age.

Which sentence provides a narrow, applied example that interrupts the flow from presenting
the general theory to discussing its broad implications? Write the correct letter in your answer
sheet.

2. (a) The principle of subsidiarity holds that decisions should be taken at the lowest
competent level of governance to balance efficiency and local autonomy. (b) The European
Union formally incorporates this principle into its legal framework as a check against overcentralization. (c) This aims to foster democratic participation and protect regional interests.
(d) However, critics dismiss the entire concept as impractical in an interconnected world,
arguing it inherently favors inaction. (e) A more nuanced criticism is that it can be weaponized
to obstruct necessary centralized action on transnational issues like climate policy.

Which sentence presents an overly broad and dismissive criticism that disrupts the logical
progression from the principle's application to a specific, nuanced critique? Write the correct
letter in your answer sheet.

3. (a) Epistemic injustice occurs when a person is wronged in their capacity as a knower,
either testimonial (discounted credibility) or hermeneutical (lack of interpretive resources).
(b) The philosopher Miranda Fricker powerfully analyzed this concept, bringing it to
mainstream philosophical attention. (c) Its recognition is crucial in fields like medicine and
law, where patient or witness credibility is often systematically undermined. (d) For instance,
a doctor dismissing a patient's detailed account of their symptoms due to gender bias would
be a clear case of testimonial injustice. (e) Addressing these injustices requires structural
change, not just individual awareness.

Which sentence introduces a specific, illustrative example that breaks the flow from the
conceptual and applied discussion to the concluding statement about solutions? Write the
correct letter in your answer sheet.

4. (a) In complex systems theory, emergence refers to properties that arise from
interactions within a system and are not reducible to its individual parts. (b) Consciousness
represents a highly debated and complex potential example of emergence from neural
networks. (c) Simpler instances, like the intelligent flocking behavior of birds, are less
contentious. (d) Understanding this concept fundamentally challenges traditional reductionist
scientific approaches and is key to studying interconnected phenomena in economics and
ecology.

Which sentence discusses a highly contentious and complex example that creates a jarring
shift in argumentative ease between the basic definition and an illustration of simpler cases?
Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

5. (a) The digital divide has evolved into a "second-level" divide, focusing on the skills
and literacies needed to use technology effectively, not just access to it. (b) A core component
of this is algorithmic literacy—the critical ability to understand how digital platforms filter
and shape the information we see. (c) These algorithms are typically designed by teams of
engineers and data scientists with the goal of maximizing user engagement and platform
revenue. (d) Without these critical competencies, individuals become disproportionately
susceptible to misinformation and targeted manipulation.

Which sentence adds a descriptive detail about the creators and purpose of algorithms that,
while factually related, is tangential to the paragraph's focus on defining the problem (the
divide) and its consequence for individuals? Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

First, carefully read the definitions of the five logical fallacies in the Theoretical Block. Then,
analyze each of the five statements in the Practical Block. Your task is to identify which logical
fallacy is most prominently committed in each statement. Write the corresponding letter (A–
E) in the answer box next to each statement number.

Theoretical Block: Definitions of Fallacies

A. Affirming the Consequent
This fallacy occurs in conditional reasoning. It incorrectly assumes that if a given condition
(A) leads to a certain result (B), then observing that result (B) automatically proves the initial
condition (A) was true. It ignores other potential causes that could lead to the same outcome.

B. False Dilemma (Either/Or Fallacy)
This fallacy unreasonably reduces a complex issue to only two mutually exclusive choices or
sides, thereby creating an artificial sense of limited options. It often presents one option as
obviously unacceptable to force acceptance of the other, ignoring viable middle ground or
alternative solutions.

C. Hasty Generalization
This fallacy involves drawing a broad, general conclusion based on a sample that is too small,
unrepresentative, or insufficient. It fails to consider all relevant variables, exceptions, or the full
scope of evidence, leading to an unreliable or overstated claim.

D. Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam)
This fallacy asserts that a proposition is true simply because it has not been proven false, or
false because it has not been proven true. It mistakenly treats a lack of definitive evidence as
definitive evidence for or against a claim.

E. Subjectivist Fallacy
This fallacy occurs when someone claims that a proposition is true merely because they
believe it to be true, or because it aligns with their personal feelings, tastes, or values. It
conflates subjective preference or belief with objective truth or valid critique.
Practical Block: Argument Statements

1. Statement on Automation:
"Either we implement a Universal Basic Income to provide for people displaced by robots, or
we must accept mass unemployment and social collapse. There is no other possible path
forward."

2. Statement on Extraterrestrial Life:
"Scientists have not found any definitive proof of alien civilizations despite decades of
searching. This silence from the cosmos is clear evidence that a 'Great Filter'—an evolutionary
catastrophe—must destroy all intelligent species before they can colonize the galaxy."

3. Statement on Conservation Strategy:
"Our wildlife charity successfully saved a local fox population, and the entire forest ecosystem
improved. Therefore, the most efficient global conservation strategy is for all charities to focus
solely on protecting predator species."

4. Statement on International Relations:
"Historical data shows a strong correlation between democratic governance and peaceful
relations between nations. We observe peace between democracies; therefore, democracy must
be the direct and sole cause of this peace."

5. Statement on Art Criticism:
"The director's new film is objectively shallow and commercially driven. I know this because
it lacks the profound emotional grit of their earlier, independent work, which I personally find
far more authentic and meaningful."

Read the word and its definition carefully, as they often contain clues about its origin.
Analyze the word's structure: does it consist of parts from other words (a blend), or does
it contain recognizable prefixes or suffixes? Select the primary linguistic process that most
accurately describes how the word was formed.

1.The word "logophilia" (love of words) is constructed from Greek roots ("logos" + "philia")
and is an example of:
a) Neoclassical compounding/formation
b) Blending of English words
c) Backformation
d) An acronym

2.The verb "to premier" (to have a first public performance) was derived from the noun
"premiere" through:
a) Compounding
b) Backformation
c) Conversion
d) Blending

3.The term "cisgender" was formed by adding the Latin prefix "cis-" (on this side) to
"gender," making it primarily:
a) An example of semantic shift
b) A blend
c) A derivation through prefixation
d) A borrowed calque

4.The informal verb "to mansplain" is a portmanteau that critically blends:
a) It is an acronym
b) "male" and "plain"
c) "mandate" and "explain"
d) "man" and "explain"

5.The word "emoji" (a digital pictogram) is:
a) A blend of "emotion" and "ji" (Japanese for character)
b) A direct borrowing from Japanese
c) An acronym for "Emotional Icon"
d) A result of backformation

Find an odd word in each line. 2 балла
a. cat/dog/monkey/fox/
b. hail/sun/snow/rainbow

Place adjectives in the correct order. Do not forget about articles. 16 баллов
a. (Chinese/ceramic/unusual) vase
b. (leather/black/large) wallet
c. (white/glass/small) bowl
d. (crunchy/delicious/chocolate) bar
e. (old/lively/little) village
f. (green/beautiful/big) eyes
g. (three-year-old/friendly/black) cat
h. (grey/ugly/old) house

Present abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives. Nouns should be
formed with corresponding suffixes only. Avoid transforming verbs into ‘ing’ forms. 12
баллов
Example: to satisfy>satisfaction (satisfying – WRONG).
1) To emphasise
2) To apply
3) Eloquent
4) To close
5) Adjustable
6) Arrogant

Read each short paragraph carefully. One sentence in each paragraph does not fit
logically. Your task is to find this sentence. Write the correct letter (a, b, c, d, or e) in your
answer sheet.

1. (a) Volunteering at an animal shelter can be a very rewarding experience. (b) This work
primarily involves cleaning kennels, which is a routine but necessary daily task. (c) More
importantly, it allows you to provide care and compassion to pets waiting for a new home.
(d) Many volunteers find that this connection with animals is the most fulfilling part.
Question: Which sentence gives a boring detail that doesn’t match the paragraph’s main
point about positive feelings and rewards?

2. (a) The fundamental purpose of hiking is to foster a deep connection with the natural
world. (b) Firstly, research the trail and check the weather forecast. (c) Next, pack plenty
of water, snacks, and a basic first-aid kit. (d) Finally, ensure someone knows your route
and expected return time.
Question: Which sentence is a general idea that doesn’t belong in a list of practical steps to
prepare for a hike?

3. (a) A balanced diet is fundamental for good health, providing the body with necessary
vitamins and minerals. (b) For instance, citrus fruits are an excellent source of vitamin C,
which supports the immune system. (c) Leafy green vegetables provide iron and calcium.
(d) However, some people have dietary restrictions that make balanced eating challenging.
(e) Therefore, consuming a variety of foods is key to covering all nutritional needs.
Question: The paragraph gives examples of healthy foods and then a conclusion. Which
sentence suddenly mentions a difficulty, breaking this positive flow?

4. (a) Learning to code is becoming an increasingly useful skill. (b) It can open up career
opportunities in many fast-growing industries like tech and finance. (c) For example,
Python is often recommended as a first programming language due to its readable syntax.
(d) Furthermore, the process of coding itself develops logical thinking and complex
problem-solving abilities.
Question: The paragraph talks about general benefits of coding. Which sentence suddenly
gives a specific example of one programming language?

5. (a) Good time management is crucial during exam periods for reducing stress and
improving outcomes. (b) Creating a detailed revision timetable is the first and most critical
step in this process. (c) For example, my last exams were in mathematics and history,
which required very different study approaches. (d) Sticking to such a plan helps ensure all
subjects are covered systematically.

Question: The paragraph states a general idea and then gives a personal example. Which
sentence gives a strong personal opinion that interrupts the flow between these two?

Read the short arguments below. They all have some logical mistakes. Your task is to
analyze the options. Pay close attention to the word NOT!
1. Statement: "This natural herbal tea is popular in my country. Therefore, it is the safest
and most effective remedy for headaches."
Question: Three of these options point out a mistake in the logic. Which one is NOT a
logical mistake, but just a detail from the text?
a) Popularity does not equal safety or effectiveness.
b) It ignores scientific evidence and potential side effects.
c) It specifies that the tea is herbal and natural.
d) What works in one country may not work for everyone.
2. Statement: "That restaurant must be terrible. I walked past it once, and there were no
customers inside."
Question: Which of the following is NOT a flaw (mistake) in this thinking? (Find the option
that is simply a true observation).
a) It judges quality based on a single moment in time.
b) The time of day (e.g., mid-afternoon) might explain it.
c) It reports the observer's true personal observation.
d) A restaurant's quality is not solely determined by crowd size.
3. Statement: "Reading books is old-fashioned. All modern and successful people get their
information from podcasts and videos now."
Question: What is the main weakness (problem) of this claim?
a) It makes a sweeping generalization and presents a false dichotomy.
b) It doesn't name specific successful people.
c) The words "old-fashioned" are too subjective.
d) It doesn't mention audiobooks.
4. Statement: "We should not change the school schedule. It has always been this way,
and tradition is important."
Question: Which of these is NOT a criticism of the logic? (Which option is just a neutral
fact?)
a) It appeals to tradition without examining if the current system works.
b) It resists change simply because it is change.
c) What worked in the past may not be suitable now.
d) It correctly states that the schedule is a tradition.

Read the definitions below to understand the different ways English creates new words. Use
these rules to analyze the task.
•Acronym: A word formed from the first letters of other words and pronounced as a single
word
Example: NASA from National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
•Blending: A word formed by combining parts of two existing words Example:
smog from smoke + fog.
•Backformation: A new word (usually a verb) created by removing a suffix from an older
word that looks like a derivative.
Example: The verb to burgle was created from the older noun burglar.
•Borrowing: A word taken directly from another language with little or no change
Example: café from French.
•Onomatopoeia: A word that imitates the natural sound associated with its meaning
Example: buzz, sizzle.
Now, analyze how each highlighted word was formed. Choose the correct option.

1. The word "scuba" (as in scuba diving) is an example of:
a) An acronym
b) Blending
c) Backformation
d) Clipping

2. The word "spork" (a spoon-fork combination) was created through:
a) An acronym
b) Blending
c) Borrowing
d) Backformation

3. The verb "donate" was formed from the much older noun "donation" by:
a) Compounding
b) Backformation
c) Onomatopoeia
d) Conversion

4. The word "hiss" (a sharp sound) primarily originates from:
a) Initialism
b) Blending
c) Onomatopoeia
d) Backformation

5. The term "NATO" (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an:
a) An acronym
b) Blending
c) Example of clipping
d) Eponym

Find an odd word in each line. 2 балла.
a. fog/thunderstorm/shower/lightning
b. to define/to invent/to record/to transform

Критерии: 1 балл за каждое правильно выбранное слово.

Place adjectives in the correct order. Do not forget about articles. 16 баллов

a. (plastic/comfortable/square) table
b. (porcelain/pink/Japanese) cup
c. (grey/Chinese/new) suitcase
d. (old/interesting/Spanish) film
e. (modern/long/picturesque) street
f. (marble/Italian/ancient) sculpture
g. (orange/new) T-shirt
h. (red/medium-size/wool) pullover

Критерии: 2 балла за правильный порядок прилагательных в каждом пункте.

Present abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives. Nouns should be
formed with corresponding suffixes only. Avoid transforming verbs into ‘ing’ forms. 12
баллов
Example: to satisfy>satisfaction (satisfying – WRONG).
1) Kind
2) Weak
3) Wise
4) to amuse
5) to found
6) bored
Критерии: 2 балла за каждое правильно трансформированное слово; 1-2. орфографические ошибки снимается 1 балл, 3-4 ошибки снимается 2 балла

Read each short paragraph carefully. One sentence in each paragraph does not fit
logically. Your task is to find this sentence. Write the correct letter (a, b, c, d, or e) in your
answer sheet.
1. (a) The violin is a difficult but beautiful instrument to learn. (b) Learning to play any
musical instrument is a rewarding hobby. (c) It improves memory and concentration skills.
(d) Regular practice can also be a great way to relax and reduce stress.

Question: Which sentence is too specific and does not fit with the paragraph's general topic?

2. (a) If you want to bake a cake, you need to follow the recipe carefully. (b) First, preheat the
oven to the required temperature. (c) Then, mix all the dry ingredients like flour and sugar in
a large bowl. (d) Finally, take the finished cake out of the oven and let it cool before serving.
(e) After mixing, you should gradually add the wet ingredients to the dry ones.

Question: The paragraph gives instructions in order. Which sentence describes a step that
comes much too early, breaking the correct sequence?

3. (a) The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate. (b) For centuries before its
invention, communication was limited by distance and time. (c) Now, we can send messages
and have video calls instantly with people across the globe. (d) This instant connectivity has
transformed business, education, and personal relationships.

Question: Which sentence talks about the distant past in a way that interrupts the
paragraph's focus on the internet and its modern effects?

4. (a) Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health. (b) It is often more enjoyable
when done with friends. (c) It strengthens your heart and muscles, helps control weight, and
improves mental well-being. (d) Therefore, making physical activity a part of your daily
routine is highly recommended by doctors.

Question: The main idea of the paragraph is about health benefits. Which sentence suddenly
changes the topic to talk about enjoyment and social life?

5. (a) Reducing plastic waste is essential for protecting the environment. (b) Simple steps
include using reusable bags, bottles, and avoiding single-use packaging. (c) The production
of plastic began in the early 20th century and has grown exponentially since. (d) By making
these conscious choices, individuals can significantly decrease pollution and help conserve
natural resources.

Question: The paragraph is about what we can do now. Which sentence is a history fact that
interrupts the flow from problems/solutions to a positive conclusion?

In this task, you will see arguments that have logical mistakes. Read the statements and
answer the questions. Be careful with the word NOT!
1. Statement: "All successful athletes train every day. If you train every day, you will
definitely become a champion."
Question: Three of these options are logical mistakes. Which one is NOT a mistake, but just a
simple fact?
a) It ignores the role of natural talent.
b) It assumes that daily training is sufficient for success.
c) It states that training is beneficial for health.
d) It does not account for the importance of a good coach and equipment.
2. Statement: "My X-brand phone worked for 5 years without breaking. Therefore, all Xbrand phones are very reliable."
Question: Which of the following is NOT a weakness in this argument? (Which option is just
a neutral detail?)
a) The conclusion is based on just one example.
b) The argument specifies a concrete lifespan for the phone – 5 years.
c) My personal experience might be an exception, not the rule.
d) It doesn't consider that other brands might be just as reliable.
3. Statement: "In our school, students who wear glasses get better grades. Therefore,
wearing glasses improves academic performance."
Question: Which of these is NOT a logical flaw (error) in the text above?
a) Confusing cause and effect (perhaps studying hard harms eyesight).
b) Ignoring other factors (students with glasses might read more).
c) Stating the fact that such a correlation exists in one particular school.
d) Making a hasty generalization about all people.
4. Statement: "I read online that this vitamin cures colds. So, it must be true, and we should
buy it immediately."
Question: What is the main logical error in this claim?
a) Failure to check the reliability of the information source.
b) The statement does not specify the exact dosage of the vitamin.
c) The statement is too brief.
d) The author of the statement is not a seller of this vitamin

Read the definitions below to understand how new words are created in English. Use these
rules to analyze the task.
•Acronym: A word formed from the first letters of a phrase and pronounced as a single
word.
Example: SCUBA (from Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus).
• Blending: A word created by merging the sounds and meanings of two different words.
Example: Webinar (from Web + Seminar).
•Backformation: A new word (usually a verb) created by removing a suffix from an older
word that looks like a derivative.
Example: The verb to burgle was created from the older noun burglar.
•Borrowing: A word taken directly from another language with little or no change in
spelling.
Example: Piano (from Italian) or Kindergarten (from German).
•Onomatopoeia: A word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it
describes.
Example: Splash, Bang, or Pop.
Now, analyze how each highlighted word was formed. Choose the correct option.
1. The word "brunch" (a meal between breakfast and lunch) was created through:
a) An acronym
b) blending
c) backformation
d) borrowing
2. The verb "edit" was formed from the noun "editor" by the process of:
a) compounding
b) conversion
c) blending
d) backformation
3. The word "zoom" (to move rapidly, or the sound of something fast) primarily originates
from:
a) initialism
b) blending
c) onomatopoeia
d) backformation
4. The word "laser" is technically:
a) an acronym
b) a clipped form
c) a blend
d) an eponym
5. The word "smog" (air pollution) is a well-known:
a) an acronym
b) blend
с) borrowed word
d) result of backformation