1. (a) The concept of the "meme" as a unit of - Ответ на вопрос по английскому языку №2546452

Вопрос

1. (a) The concept of the "meme" as a unit of cultural replication was first introduced by
Richard Dawkins. (b) Memetics applies Darwinian principles to cultural evolution, treating
ideas as replicators that spread through imitation. (c) Critics argue it is a simplistic reduction
of human culture to a viral model, neglecting agency and meaning. (d) Its explanatory power
for complex phenomena like language evolution or religious belief remains hotly debated
among anthropologists.

Which sentence serves as a foundational definition that logically precedes the introduction
of the theory and its criticism, thereby breaking the flow from origin to debate? Write the
correct letter in your answer sheet.

2. (a) Thus, the genre's value lies not in prediction but in its capacity for social and
philosophical critique. (b) Cognitive estrangement, a key device in science fiction, uses
unfamiliar settings to defamiliarize and critically examine present-day social norms. (c) By
presenting a distorted reflection of reality, it prompts readers to question assumptions they
take for granted. (d) Ursula K. Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness is a masterful exploration
of gender through this technique.

Which sentence is a concluding statement that is placed at the beginning, severely disrupting
the logical progression from concept to example? Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

3. (a) The "veil of ignorance," a thought experiment by John Rawls, asks us to design a
just society without knowing our own future place within it. (b) This mental exercise is
intended to ensure principles of justice are chosen fairly, without self-serving bias. (c) Rawls
was a 20th-century political philosopher at Harvard. (d) The resulting "difference principle"
allows inequality only if it benefits the least advantaged.

Which sentence is a biographical aside that breaks the chain from thought experiment
description to one of its key outcomes? Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

4. (a) Platformization refers to the transformation of traditional sectors by digital platforms
that intermediate and control access. (b) This creates new dependencies and shifts power to
platform owners who govern through opaque algorithms and terms of service. (c)
Consequently, a core political challenge of our time is the democratic accountability of these
private governance systems. (d) Ride-hailing apps have fundamentally disrupted urban
transportation, creating debates about worker rights and urban congestion.

Which sentence elaborates on the consequence mentioned in the previous sentence, instead
of allowing the paragraph to conclude with the broader political challenge? Write the correct
letter in your answer sheet.

5. (a) The replication crisis in psychology has underscored the importance of open science
practices: pre-registration, data sharing, and larger sample sizes. (b) Statistical significance
(p-values) has often been misinterpreted by researchers and the public alike. (c) These
methodological reforms aim to distinguish robust, reproducible effects from statistical flukes
or questionable research practices. (d) Widespread adoption of these practices is slowly
rebuilding trust in social science research.

Which sentence introduces a related but distinct methodological issue, diverting the focus
from the introduction of the problem to the description of the intended solutions? Write the
correct letter in your answer sheet.

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